Literature Review and Learning Journal

Energy is an extremely significant cost factor in managing the United States petrochemical industry (Neelis et. al, 2008). According to the current business scenario, US faces an increasingly competitive and challenging business environment all over the globe, the US petrochemical industry seeks out to curtail their production costs without affecting their production output or yield. The uncertainty in oil prices is one of the most crucial factors that have a negative impact on forecasted earnings of the petrochemical industry. The most applicable method of price forecasting in petrochemical industry is making the estimations of average cost that has to be produced in a new plant in order to determine the economic size and eventually the reasonable profit. Viable and cost-effective investment in the petrochemical industry through installing energy efficient practices as well as technologies meets the tremendous challenge of preserving the maintenance of a high quality energy product. Energy usage is a significant source of emissions incorporated in the petrochemicals industry. This source of emission in the petrochemical industry causes a tremendous improvement in energy efficiency. Also the competitive factors comprising of number of manufacturer as well the employment of new technologies for the development of petrochemicals are the cause of strategic options employed in the manufacture of petrochemicals. Discussion Strategic management evaluates critically the significant initiatives taken by an organization’s top management to allocate its resources efficiently and effectively in order to attain maximum business feasibility nd profitability. The Chinese petrochemicals companies are Petro China Company limited and China National Petroleum Corporation. CNPC holds approximately total reserves of 3. 7 billion barrels (590,000,000 m3) of oil equivalent. CNPC produced approximately 54 billion cubic metres of natural gas in 2007. CNPC invested most of its domestic assets into a separate company known as Petro China, during a plan of restructuring their organization. CNPC has around 30 international production as well as exploration projects. These projects are completed in joint coopeartion with numerous Asian, European, American as well as several countries that are included in USSR. The countries that are included comprised of Azerbaijan, , Peru, Sudan, Thailand, Canada, Iran, Indonesia, Turkmenistan, and Venezuela, Myanmar, Oman. The exploration projects, both domestic and overseas, are run by a wholly owned subsidiary, the Great Wall Drilling Company (GWDC). So, strategic management consists of making clear the organization’s mission, business goals that are necessary to be achieved for the survival of business as well as its objectives. Public sector does not measure in cost but it is equivalent that is very much central to the production as well as delivery of public commodities and services. The market failure occurs because the goal of private sector in the economy organizations is usually to increase efficiency and effectiveness, thus attaining the business objective of producing the goods and services at a lower cost in comparison to the prevailing production costs in the industry (Baume & Tolbert, 1985). As private sector failed because of the market failure, public sector does fails because of the higher inefficiencies in the deliverance of service. The most common example of these inefficiencies is regarded as Public Education. The area of public education has immensely failed to match up to the level of Private Institutes that are operating independently in providing quality education as well as incorporate improved learning with the students. There have been dire movements that consist of demanding the transfer of the Public Education charter into the cruel hands of the Private sector NPO’s. If the public sector is to collaborate effectively with the private sector, the most important decision is to tackle the appropriate selection of organization related to that sector (Bryson, 211, pp. 473). The discussion of the most eligible alternative that is widely known as public choice is very critical. This also holds true for how values that are holding private sector’s infrastructure can be institutionalized into public sector. Institution itself is independent (Olson & Euyong, 1998). It is the design that is the most integral part of any organizations goal realization. Conclusion: Furthur research and development should be conducted in order to set up plants for producing oil efficiently and effectively. Also, there is a need to eliminate and reduce oil wastage in order to maximize oil production. 2nd literature review Introduction: This literature review highlights the issue of building up manpower through effective human resource management skills. Setting up an oil company requires good people management skills as any good organization always requires the capable human resources to fulfill the needs of a successful and viable organization. Organizations work through people and these people need some skills and competencies to perform their duties. Today, skillful workforce is considered as a single source of gaining sustainable competitive advantage and to manage this force human resource departments are established and huge amount of budget is allocated for this purpose. Recently training is taken as a critical component for the success of any organization. Therefore, companies are increasing their investment in training programs to improve employees’ performance that in turn can give rise to overall performance of organization. Basically training is conducted because of current or expected performance deficiency related to skills, knowledge, and abilities. So, undoubtedly, training and performance is naturally interlinked. When any management person realizes the problem in productivity they identify which type of training is required for solving the issue. Discussion Employee training in an oil sector is an important factor in the success of an organization. Also the labor is particularly cheap in China so it requires effective management in working efficiently and effectively (Armstrong, 2000). Training is not a single step process but it is a group of activities to provide employees with required or improved KSA’s that helps them to perform efficiently and in accomplishment of organization’s goals. It provides organizations increased employee commitment, improved job performance, enhance organization flexibility to adopt changes due to internal and external factors, reduce conflicts among employees, gives high motivation, improve thinking, creativity and physical competencies, and create an overall environment of dedication towards organizational objectives. Training is a five step process that starts from the training need analysis and ends at evaluation stage. Training is not only provided to improve and teach new skills but also to refresh existing skills with the alignment of new technologies and other factors. According to the research, there are five major benefits of training programs. First one is enhanced skills, second is succession planning, decrease time of supervision, management of risk, and improved motivation. Performance management is also a major function of Human Resource Management. It has different components related to measures of managing and assessing employee performance. Performance management includes improvement of individual and overall performance, delivering expectations of management from supervisors and managers, promote communication between management and employees, supervising subordinates to improve their performance by rewarding and recognizing them, and solve poor performance issues. Performance management comprise of five key factors as motivation, appraisals, promotions, coaching or supervising, and poor performance issues are resolved. The US petro chemical company operating in China needs to set up a learning organization in order to enhance faster growth and sustainability in the region. The successful organizations have focused on creating learning organizations through incorporating the five disciplines of personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision, team learning and systems thinking (Senge, 2010). As human resources are the assets of an organization they need to be developed efficiently and effectively through the approaches of gaining personal mastery. Personal mastery is a discipline that focuses on creating and broadening personal vision as an employee to gain focus and motivation for achieving better results in terms of output and profit as well as personal development (Senge, 2010). Mental models describe the perspectives, generalizations and assumptions that the employees hold in their minds about the world. If the mental models are negative then it can hamper the employees in their personal growth as well as in attainment organizational objectives and vision. Positive attitudes of employees helps build up a shared vision towards organizational success. (Senge, 2010). This can be major human resource gap. Human resource development is an strategy to fill out HR gaps that causes major problems in achieving effective organizational performance and profitability (Ulrich, 2012). Human resource development encompasses human resource practices that are crucial to the effective, competitive and sustainable development of human resource management system. The categorization of human capital has been sub-divided into three categories which are intellectual capital, social capital and organizational capital. Human resource development encompasses crucial aspects of effective work practices that include recruitment and selection processes, employee training and development and performance management and compensation management to enhance the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees. These HRM practices conducted effectively results in the retention of quality employees and the dismissal of shirkers. One is of the major aspect of human resource development and management is the recruitment and selection of employees (Senge, 2010). Job Assignment, Recruitment and Selection Recruitment and selections are crucial for the organization, because it makes sure that the right kind of individual is selected so that they can bring success to the company (Senge, 2010). The strategic fit between the individual and the organization is done through recruitment and selection and it can be seen in the following diagram. Recruitment and selection is one of the most crucial and important phases of human resource development. It is the most initial phase in human resource development and management. As a first step a pool of candidates are selected that meet the eligibility standards for the jobs in an organizations, then out of these pool of candidates the most suitable ones are screened and selected through various tests and interviews by which their knowledge, skills and abilities are analyzed. After the recruitment and selection phase comes the next crucial step of training and development of employees. Conclusion It is a fact that China is a very successful company and its overall economic performance is improving year after year. The proof of its success can be seen in its wide operations in almost every country. Training and performance management as HR functions are very important for developing a sound management in the petrochemical sector of the country. So, the US management believes on the key role of performance management system and training programs in retaining and attracting high performers that in turn leads to improved overall business performance and gives extreme consideration to these functions. So, in the success or increasing financial results training and performance management functions are playing vital role. In conclusion, performance management is directly related to business performance or success. Training is indirectly related to business success because without measuring performance gap, need of training cannot be identified and performance management helps in recognizing this need. Training is directly related to performance management because when training is given it increases performance of individuals that leads to improve business performance and when a business perform well it becomes successful. The success of an organization is based on attracting and retaining the right kind of individuals. The process of recruitment tends to discover the sources of human resources to meet the requirements of staffing of the company and to implement effective measures so that talent could be attracted to fulfill the positions within the organization (Senge, 2010). Recruitment is very much Recruitment and selection are one of the major functions of the HR department. Recruitment process is based on a systematic procedure that starts from sourcing the talent and ending on interviews (Ulrich, 2012). There is a major gap in efficient recruitment procedures if they are not planned by keeping in mind the HR needs of an organization. (Senge, 2012) Recruitment procedures can be conducted effectively by laying out a proper recruitment plan through extensive research and analysis by creating a strategic human resource management plan and recruiting employees to create a competitive advantage in the industry. It is a strategic task and forms the basis for how the company is able to grow and achieve their business targets (Ulrich, 2012). Learning Journal Introduction The United States of America is faced with cut throat competitive and challenging business environment all over the globe, the US petrochemical industry seeks out to curtail their production costs without affecting their production output or yield. The uncertainty in oil prices is one of the most crucial factors that have a negative impact on forecasted earnings of the petrochemical industry. The most applicable method of price forecasting in petrochemical industry is making the estimations of average cost that has to be produced in a new plant in order to determine the economic size and eventually the reasonable profit The modules I have chosen are strategic management to gain competitive advantage and development of a core competency that is what others do not have is the key to implement a successful business strategy as is the case with the globally successful business schools of the world. Micheal Porter’s five forces also impacts to a great extent in the viable strategic management of a business. These forces are bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers, threat of new entrants, existing rivals and threat of substitute products and services. These are the industrial competitive forces that have to be analyzed and assessed for capturing the market by implementing a viable strategy. The mangers who are involved in the strategic planning concerned with the business of petrochemicals must be concerned with the future prices forecasting of petrochemicals as well as the factors that regulate these prices. Strategic management is concerned with developing effective policies as well as strategic plans, more often related to projects and the programs. These projects and programs are effectively developed and designed to accomplish and achieve these goals and objectives. After that the allocation of resources is done to implement strategically these policies as well as plans, in addition to projects and programs. A balanced scorecard is often used to evaluate the overall performance of the business and its progress towards achievement of its business goals and objectives efficiently and effectively. Recent studies and leading management theorists have advocated that strategy needs to start with stakeholders expectations and use a modified balanced scorecard which includes all stakeholders. I learnt that the collaboration between the public and private sector organizations is inevitable to ensure that the public policy has been implemented and met. Public sector organizations are mostly government owned. They cannot ensure efficiency in every public goods and service they are providing. This is the system where private sector organizations are offered the tenders from public sector in order to carry out the production as well as deliverance of different varieties of public goods. Personal development is one of the major factors of attaining success in achieving one’s learning objectives as well as career development. Personality traits, economic stability, social status, institutional, cultural and dispositional variables are some of the most important factors when people decide upon their career decisions. Career development and decisions are one of the most crucial decisions of one’s life as they shape a person’s future prospects and sets out his vision for future. Discussion Economic stability is one of the major factors that influence the role in executing one’s career objectives. The ever increasing tuition fee is one of the major causes that affect students of not so high calibre for students who could not get into the university they choose. There seems to be a dearth of good educational institutions particularly in Asian countries because many high achievers in academics do get scholarships for getting into the best university. The students who cannot get scholarship are often the ones who have the aptitude for the subject but just because they have not secured good grades they are left out from scholarships. There is a contrasting situation if we analyze the European countries and United States as there is a wide range of good universities to take into account when applying for higher education in universities (Daib, 1999). Psychological factors also impacts to a great extent on career choices. The introverts and the extroverts are the two major personality categories; the introverts choose to vary in their selection of subjects as compared to extroverts. There is also a third category of individuals which is known as extroverted introverts ( The extroverts usually choose careers that require field work whereas the introverted personalities choose careers that will not let them reach out from their comfort zones. Both can choose the same career fields relating to the level of how introverted or extroverted are they (Wright, 1987). The extroverted introvert individuals are one of the important and complex personalities when it comes to analyzing their career choices (Sofer and Raimes, 2002). They pose a defensive self which reflects their extroverted side whereas deep inside themselves they know that they are introverts. Their career choices can be unexpected as compared to both the categories of individuals that is the extroverted and the introverted (Blackhall and Michelle, 2010). There are four stages of career development that consists of exploration, option analysis and decision-making, planning and implementation (Sofer and Raimes, 2002). The stage of exploration consists of analyzing different career options and exploring a wide range of career options including different studies and aptitudes required. The stage of option analysis comprises of the options available to make a successful and promising career as well as the fulfilment of learning objectives (Underwood,1989). The third stage is planning in which you plan to tread on the way as a career you have chosen for yourself (Bouma and Atkinson, 1995). The research and development should have to be enhanced in order to support the further viability of the new petrochemical setup in China Conclusion The module also helped me in understanding personal development. Personal development is one of the major factors of attaining success in achieving one’s learning objectives as well as career development. Personality traits, economic stability, social status, institutional, cultural and dispositional variables are some of the most important factors when people decide upon their career decisions. Career development and decisions are one of the most crucial decisions of one’s life as they shape a person’s future prospects and sets out his vision for future. The determination of career and learning objectives is one of the basic human rights and it is the right of every person to have his dreams of education and careers fulfilled. Also, it is of utmost importance that an individual should make a right career choice irrespective of the cultural, social and other pressures that have an impact on the long term mission and vision of an individual. With many factors influencing the career choices and learning objectives it is imperative that the right learning and career choices should be made in order to have a promising and successful future. Direction For Furthur Research How can the strategic management of the US petrochemical industry be improved to gain more markets in China? What are the ways to attract ideal employees for the organizational setup for petro chemical industries in China?

1000 Teachers Program Project Brief

1000 TEACHERS PROGRAM This is a scholarship campaign that seeks to attract the best and the brightest into the teaching profession. It will be backed by a multimedia campaign to promote the scholarship and uplift the profession. OBJECTIVES 1. To encourage, through a scholarship supported with a stipend, the best and brightest graduating high school seniors to take degrees in education, specifically majoring in English, Math, and Science. 2. To uplift the image of the teaching profession in the eyes of the public in order to make education a strong career option for our youth and their parents. 3.To help improve the quality of teachers in the Department of Education by producing 1000 quality teachers who will join the public school system four years hence. PROJECT DETAILS Scholarships Students who pass the requirements and the selection process will receive a four (4) year scholarship, tuition and fees. They must major in English, Science, or Math. In addition to the scholarship, they will receive a Php 2,000 monthly allowance for ten (10) months for each school year and a book stipend of Php 2,000 per semester. Teacher education institutions (TEIs) with good track records of producing high quality education graduates based on the board passing) will give the scholarships. The corporate sector will provide the allowances. Multimedia Campaign The scholarship campaign will be backed with a tri-media campaign announcing the program in order to generate awareness and interest. Furthermore, the campaign intends to convince good students to choose education as a career and encourage parental, peer, and community support for that decision. General Policies and Guidelines Students 1. The selection of the scholars will be based on a competitive examination that will be given in the partner TEIs. The Center for Educational Measurement (CEM) hall administer a standard test. 2. The final selection will also be based on other requirements (e. g. , leadership qualities, high school grades, recommendations, etc. ) These will be enumerated in the application forms. 3. Scholars must indicate their majors upon application. Shifting of courses or majors is not permitted. 4. If a scholar chooses to drop out of the program or change course or major, he or she must immediately reimburse the school for the scholarship and PBEd for the any and all allowances already paid. 5. Scholars will be required to maintain a GPA/GWA equivalent of B and have no failing grade.Teacher Cadet Essay6.Upon passing the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET), scholars will be required to join the DepEd division in their province of origin. 7. Moreover, they will be required to stay in the country and serve in the public school system for five years (5) after passing theLET (i. e. , two years for every scholarship year). 8. Students who choose to leave the country will be required to refund the program. Teaching Education Institutions (TEIs) 1. TEIs interested in joining the progra m may contact the PBEd secretariat. 2. Priority will be given to TEIs with a proven track record of producing high quality education graduates (based on the oard passing rates). The primary benefit to the TEI is the potential enrollment of good high school graduates in their institutions. 3. The TEI must be willing to provide at least 5, but no more than 20, four (4) year scholarships (tuition and fees) in education. 4. The TEI will assist in the recruitment and selection of scholars – identifying and recruiting valedictorians/salutatorians of national high schools, conducting examinations, collecting and submitting all application requirements, etc. 5. The TEI will assist in the monitoring of the scholars – monitoring of grades, reporting of any changes in status of he scholars, etc. 6. Geographic distribution of partner institutions will be considered in the final selection of partners. 7. The TEI will be recognized as a partner institution whenever possible in all p rogram marketing collaterals. Corporate Partners 1. Since one of the intentions of the program is to focus the resources of business on key quality levers, corporations may enroll existing scholarship programs in the 1000 Teacher Program. However, they must adapt their programs to the 1000 TP guidelines. 2. Scholarships must be for education and the contributions to the program must be Php 25,000 per scholar per year or four years. 3. Php 1,000 of the contribution will be used for administrative support for the program. 4. Companies (or individuals) may signify their interest to either enroll their existing scholarship program or join by contacting the 1000TP Secretariat. 5. Annual donations must be given April of every program year (beginning April 2008). PROCESS Enrollment of Existing Programs ? ? ? ? ? Corporate Partners can signify their intention to enroll existing programs by contacting the PBEd Secretariat or filling up the partnership forms. They can either work with their e xisting partner nstitution or the Secretariat will provide the school. If working with an existing partner, the corporate partner must apply the standards set by the 1000 Teachers Program. However, the corporate partner may make the final selection of scholars. The corporate partner and its partner institution are responsible for providing to PBEd their list of scholars and for monitoring their performance. If the corporate partner does not have an existing partner, they can course their contributions through the PBEd Secretariat. Student Recruitment ? ? ? ? The media campaign and all program collaterals will rovide a number for inquiries Interested students can call and they will be directed to the nearest partner TEI They can then proceed to the partner TEI to inquire or apply directly. There shall be a CEM administered standard test in March. Some TEIs may also require its own test. All the necessary information and application forms will also be available on a website OUR PARTNE R SCHOOLS Our Partner Schools Teacher’s Program ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? for the 1000 ARAULLO UNIVERSITY ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY CAGAYAN DE ORO COLLEGE CARLOS C. HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE-TALISAY CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITYDON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITYAGOO FIRST ASIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITIE S (FAITH) HOLY CROSS OF DAVAO COLLEGE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION COLLEGE-LA SALLE LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY-LAOAGCOLLEGE OF EDUCATION PNU – AGUSAN CAMPUS PNU – CADIZ CAMPUS PNU – ISABELA CAMPUS PNU – MAIN PNU – QUEZON SORSOGON STATE COLLEGE-SORSOGON UNIVERSITY OF ST. LA SALLE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY XAVIER UNIVERSITY For more details please contact the PBEd Secretariat thru Phone (02) 896 9537 loc 505 and e-mail at [email  protected] ph look for Ms. Renei Tan, or log on http://www. pbed. ph

A Biographical Sketch of Arnold Schoenberg Research Paper

A Biographical Sketch of Arnold Schoenberg - Research Paper Example The artist composed music in different styles attracting a mixture of reactions from the audience including students, friends, and other Viennese audiences. Some of his works later contributed to hatred from his musical enemies. The early life and music Arnold Schoenberg was born to a merchant Samuel Schoenberg and Pauline in Vienna, Austria, on September 13, 1874 (ThinkQuest, para.1). Schoenberg was born in a family that had no particular musical history (Rovi Corporation, para.2). His father died in 1890 when he was aged 16 after which he became an apprentice with some bank shortly. As such, he had to learn much of the music styles through self-teaching and reliance on friends. The artist learnt to play violin and began to compose at the early age of eight years (ThinkQuest, para.1). He had shown aptitude for music composition at the early age. He also began to learn and acquire skills from his friends. One of the artists who helped him develop his talents was Oskar Adler, who gave him rudimentary instructions in harmony and counterpoint (Rovi Corporation, para.2). In 1891, Schoenberg joined the orchestra â€Å"Polyhymnia† and met Alexander von Zemlinsky, the conductor of the orchestra; they would be friends throughout their lives (ThinkQuest, para.1). Zemlinsky, who would later be his brother-in-law, taught Schoenberg composition skills. This was the only formal instruction of this nature that the artist received in music. The early works of the artist in this career involved teaching privately and in other institutions and occasionally orchestrating operettas. He was a conductor of the metalworker-choir. Schoenberg got married to Zemlinsky’s sister, Mathilde, in 1901 and he moved with his wife to Berlin. The marriage was shaken at one point whereby Mathilde got married to another artist. They reunited later before her death in 1923. Schoenberg later got married ten months later to another woman, a sister to another artist. Music styles Schoenb erg developed his first original composition, some few piano pieces, at the age of twenty. The early musical compositions by this artist bore the image of the German Romanticism. This was particularly evident in his first composition Verklarte Nacht, Op.4 composed in 1899. This work was romantic and rich in harmony and color making this earlier work to be easy to comprehend and listen to (ThinkQuest, para.7). In the later developments, the artist concentrated in atonal music that did not have the structure of the traditional tonality. This formed the basis of criticism from his detractors. Nonetheless, the style attracted a large faithful following. He became an instructor in music. Some of the active followers would later become his pupils after establishing his private institution. The two most identifiable pupils of the artist are Alban Berg an Anton Webern. The two pupils developed their skills in music and would later match their trainer in style and composition ability. Workin g together, the three musical composers were the corner stones in the development of the atonal and 12-tone music that rocked the music industry in the first half of the twentieth century While in Berlin, Schoenberg was appointed to teach at Stern Academy in Berlin (ThinkQuest, para.3). In 1903, he returned to Vienna and established a private teaching academy. Berg and Webern became his first pupil. Schoenberg received further support from Zemlensky and another friend, Gustav Mahler, towards the real composition of atonal pieces (ThinkQuest) Gustav Mahler was the director of court opera. Schoenberg had now begun to move away from tonality towards atonal composition. He later composed some works and performed in a legendary in

Other Organizational Forms for Small Businesses (Busniess Law) Essay

Other Organizational Forms for Small Businesses (Busniess Law) - Essay Example It is the most popular kind of business. The owner of the business enjoys some advantages such as exemption from paying the corporate income tax. Also, he is his own boss, hence, able to keep the business secrets and make take total control of the business.This form of business is cheap and easy to form and dissolve without necessarily going through procedures like the other forms. The fact that the owner keeps all the profit is another highlight and motivation of sole proprietorship. However, this business form has its own shortcomings. For instance the owner is subject to unlimited liability of business debts. There is no separation between the business property and personal property. Therefore, creditors can extend to personal property to pay for their claims. The starting capital for this business can be an obstacle due to lack of source of financing. This can also hinder the expansion of the business due to limited capital. It can also experience management problems especially if the owner is not familiar with such areas. The owner may lose everything in cases where the liabilities are too much to bear. It also lacks continuity because its existence entirely depends on the existence of the owner. In a partnership, two or more people come together and form a business with a view of making profit. Each member is called a partner the members are collectively known as partnership firm. It consists of 2 to 20 people. The members require a partnership deed or agreement which is a document containing all the written agreements. Such agreements include names of the partners, how profit and losses will be shared, banking accounts, date of commencement, rights and duties of the members etc. Advantages of this form of business include the sharing of losses. There is also more available capital to start and expand the business. Responsibilities are shared hence it is not a burden to one person like in

Army Aviation unit that was lost under Army Transformation Research Paper

Army Aviation unit that was lost under Army Transformation - Research Paper Example The U.S. Army goes as far as to state, â€Å"soldiers learn these values in detail during Basic Combat Training (BCT), from then on they live them every day in everything they do — whether they’re on the job or off† (Department of Defense, 2006). Since the formation of our country soldiers, brave men and women; have fought to protect our borders, our rights, our freedoms. There have been many changes, in the way they have fought; from horses and swords, to planes, and guns, but the operating force, the solider, and their values have remained the same. With advances in technology there has arisen a new threat to the soldier’s way of life, job security and possibly even necessity, and that is machine soldiers. Machines, acting in place of soldiers, now patrol our borders, and more recently steps have been made to make them airborne. In fact part of the 2004 Army transformation displaced an entire airborne fleet, the Comanche helicopter division, and entruste d the 6.9 million dollars that was used to fund speed up the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s) development. This leaves many to question whether or not a machine can really exude the same values as a solider. After taking a deeper look at the reasons for the 2004 army transformation, the development and purpose of UAV’s and how it is affecting U.S. army units, we may rethink the funding the use of machines over soldiers. 2004 Army Transformation After the attacks in 9/11/2001 the U.S. army entered the first war in close to thirty years. By 2004 it was apparent that this war was going to last longer than expected, so the army began looking at a total transformation. Much of the equipment was in desperate need of advancement and the location and usage of army personnel needed to be altered. US Army Chief of Staff General Peter Schoomaker spoke before congress in December 2006 on the importance of this Army transformation. He said, "Following 9/11, our Army began its most significant reorganization since World War II to ensure that the formations of all components are fully manned, equipped, and trained† (Schoomaker, 2006). Of course one of the primary goals of this transformation was the advancement of technology use in our armed forces. As with most technological changes this brought about much debate, especially over the development of unmanned vehicles. The Development and Purpose of UAV’s One particular unmanned vehicle that was developed was the unmanned aerial vehicle, also known as UAV’s. A UAV is a remotely controlled aerial vehicle that is unmanned by human personal, or crew. These vehicles come in two categories and are used for a variety of purposes. In the past UAV’s were typically more or less drone’s, or remotely piloted aircraft. In this case the pilot, or soldier, would still be in a sense flying the plane and making the decisions but they would doing this from a more secured ground location. Recent advancements, however, have led to the use of autonomous control in the UAV’s. In this situation the aircraft is preset to a particular flight plan, and at times has a particular order to fulfill. In this situation one solider could monitor multiple aircrafts, eliminating many Army positions. This also leaves the job of decision making up to the aircraft, or computer, not to a solider who has been trained in the key value systems listed above. Currently

Discussion 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Discussion 6 - Essay Example In many societies, the choice of color is seen to tell about one’s gender. In the present case, pink is traditionally associated with girls, and therefore seeing the boy’s nails in pink made some feel that the mother was encouraging a reversal of gender identity. To some, the advertisement appears to encourage our children to choose the genders they feel comfortable in regardless of their gender at birth. Some people believe that boys should behave and act like boys and not the other way round. In terms of the relationship between gender and power, such reactions indicate that men and women are placed in certain roles based on their gender. The society has developed boundaries that clearly define the roles of men and women in society, and whenever such boundaries are seen to be crossed, such reactions are common. Women are seen as accommodative and passive while men are aggressive and dominating. In the present case for instance, since pink color is associated with wome n, some take offense when the boy paints his nails pink because it appears he is relinquishing his duties or roles as a man and taking up female

Catatech case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Catatech - Case Study Example In order for Catatech to keep up with the competition, it will need to adapt to this new introduction while doing business or its insistence with sticking with the traditional methods may just prove to be its downfall. For the firm to do this, it has to first establish the objectives that the firm has set for themselves so as to identify how the introduction of E commerce would assist it in achieving these objectives (Kotler, 2009). The main objective of the firm is to maintain and enhance its position in the industry as one of the leading providers in Professional measurement tools for electricians across the globe. The other objectives include, the strengthening of their financial standing to avoid any economic burdens which can be done by the reduction of various costs without affecting the quality of the product, to increase its market size in the various regions where they are located including Madrid and to ensure the firm is in a position to maintain a successful path as a lea ding business in the future. The measures of outcome that can be used to indicate whether these objectives have been attained are not difficult to calculate. With regard to becoming the leading firm in the industry they are based in, one only has to look at the market share value taken by the firm in compared to others in the same business (Kotler, 2009). When Catatech has the largest market share value, it can be said that its main objective has been achieved. With regard to strengthening the company’s finances as well as increasing its market size, these objectives can use the company’s various records relating to these topics which in this case would be financial records and progress reports over the years on the growth of their market base. Accountability has to be considered as well to ensure that those responsible for achieving these objectives are putting an effort into it. Ensuring the company’s success as a leader in its industry will be up to everyone in the firm but the executive board that is in charge of the major decisions that will be made can be said to be held accountable for this task. The finance department and the marketing department will be held responsible for the objectives of cutting costs effectively and ensuring market growth (Tkacz & Kapczynski, 2009). There are also several external and internal factors that may affect the achievement of these objectives as well such as the developments that are being made in technology, the arrival of new firms in the industry and the attitude of the executive staff at the organization as well, which may prove to be a hurdle to the process of keeping the organization in stride with various new developments in the business world. There are a number of constraints as well that may limit the achievement of these objectives such as the availability of manpower with the technical know how to introduce these new technologies to the firm, the issue of underplaying the independence th at the various local acquisitions enjoy at the moment which also brings about the question of finances and who will handle those received via the E commerce project. There are various resources that can be said to be available to the organization at the moment, and that includes the organization has the financial resources to set up the new structure (E commerce) if they are willing to do so. The employees available in the United States can also lend a hand to solve the problem of technical know how

Service Facility and Process Flow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Service Facility and Process Flow - Essay Example Print). The multi-stage process is described as followed: The process flow shows the pattern done at The Body Shop stores to achieve maximum service for their customers. Based from the stages above, it can be analyzed that the personal attention approach is applied (McGraw-Hill 7-18. Print). As the observer who has visited The Body Shop stores, it can be concluded that they have basic service standards. I have observed more than five of The Body Shop stores, and I got amazed that the service they provide has been impactful and great. In quiet and crowded situations, The Body Shop staffs always perform their best. Purely based on my observations, I made several guiding principles; they are: Once, I went to one of The Body Shop stores on weekend and there were many customers inside. Even though the staffs seemed about to help me soon after giving service to customers who had done shopping, I did not actually intend to have personal attention from them. On the other hand, The Body Shop visual merchandising concept helped me to find the exact location of the product that I was looking for. So, I think their visual merchandising is one of the guiding principles that totally works for customers. As a customer, what makes me interested to spend even a little time to visit The Body Shop is because of the attraction. Once every several weeks, I always find that they change their window poster. The window poster can actually be the customer`s guidance to know what is new. The window poster is also functioned as attraction to make customers to go inside and they will be welcomed by the promotional offers exactly at the first table near the entrance. Their property supports the service facility purpose to apply good guiding principle. If I visit common stores, there is a tendency to find just ordinary sales assistant who helps us to mention the price tag; while The Body Shop Staffs are totally different.

Chemistry Tasks Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemistry Tasks - Scholarship Essay Example 6. A conjugate acid base pair are the compounds formed by the removal or addition of a proton from the original compound. In the question, only H3O+ and OH- are not a conjugate acid base pair as there is a difference of 2 protons. 9. The aqueous solution of a salt would be acidic if the salt consists of the conjugate base of a strong acid and conjugate acid of a weak base. Therefore the aqueous solution of NH4F would result in a acidic solution. 12. The aqueous solution of a salt would be basic if the salt consists of the conjugate base of a weak acid and conjugate acid of a strong base. Therefore the aqueous solution of NaCH3CO2 would result in a basic solution as NaOH is a strong base and CH3COOH is a weak acid. 13. Arrhenius base is the substance that when added to water increases the concentration of OH- ions present in the solution. NH3 when added to water does not increase the concentration of OH- ions therefore it is not an Arrhenius base. 14. Arrhenius acid is the substance that when added to water increases the concentration of H+ ions present in the solution. Addition of FeCl3 to water would not increase the concentration of H+ ions in the solution, so it is not a Arrhenius acid. From this it is clear that the reaction moves in the forward direction, which means that HNO2 gets converted to NO2- and CH3COO- gets converted to CH3COOH. Therefore it is clear that CH3COOH is a weaker acid compared to HNO2. So for this reaction CH3COOH is the weakest acid. 17. We know that pH = -log[H+] therefore if the pH increases by 1. The H+ concentration would decrease exponentially by a factor of 10. 18. Molecular weight of Ba(OH)2 is 171.34 g/mole. Therefore the moles of Ba(OH)2 added would be (5/171.34) = 0.029 moles. Each mole of Ba(OH)2 would dissociate to give 2 moles of OH- ions. So, we have

The Relationship between Head Circumference and Recall of a List Words Essay Example for Free

The Relationship between Head Circumference and Recall of a List Words Essay ABSTRACT This laboratory experiment and report aims on identifying whether head circumference has a significant relationship with the recall of list of words. In this experiment, the researcher has asked 80 (68 females and 12 males) students to participate in the experiment and each were given a chance to memorise the 30 words provided by the researcher. Because of the incomplete response of some participants and extreme values, the researcher opted to use only 61 females and 7 males (68 participants) in the data analysis. Through the use of the SPSS, the study has found that there is a weak positive correlation between the two given variables. This means that the recalling skills of the participants are significantly relevant with their head circumference or head size. INTRODUCTION Cognitive psychology is the study of how the brain processes information. In more everyday terms, it is about the mental processes involved in acquiring and making use of knowledge and experience gained from our senses (Esgate, 2004). The main processes involved in cognition are perception, learning, memory storage, retrieval and thinking, all of which are terms that are used in everyday speech and therefore already familiar to most people. In some research studies, there has been evidence among elderly people with larger head size function better on tests of cognitive function (Reynolds et al, 1999).   As noted by psychologists, an adult head size or circumference is considered to give an appropriate estimate for maximal attained brain circumference (Wickett et al., 2000), such findings have been inferred as a supporting evidence of the theory which optimal neurological development in early phases of life can provide barrier against pathological activities that can influence cognitive performance as they reached their old age (Stern, 2002). However, as the size of the head is relevant to intelligence test scores among young adults, psychologists have noted some possible relations which have been found between head circumference and the cognitive function in elderly people (Deary et al., 2000). In psychological process, some psychologists are trying to determine the relationship between head circumference and recall of a list words.   Ã‚  In a study conducted by Gale, Walton and Matyn (2003) which investigated the cognitive function of elderly people and head circumferences, they have concluded that there is no relationship between cognitive function (memory recall) and head circumference. However, the study have also shown that people with larger head circumference as an adult gained relatively higher scores n the intelligence test on both testing events and were less likely to develop a decline in memory performance over the follow-up period in the study. One other hand, in a cross-sectional study conducted among 818 health older individuals, the researchers have found out that the head circumference is related to performance on global cognitive functioning, tests measuring intelligence and speed of information processing. However, this study has revealed that head circumference or size has not been significantly related with memory functions (Tisserand et al, 2001). In this regard, the main goal of this paper is to conduct an analysis on the relationship of head circumference and recall of a list words.   Thus, this study will work on the following hypothesis:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"There is a significant relationship between the head circumference and recall of a list words†. METHOD This study was conducted in order to assess the relationship of head circumference and recall of list words among students. In order to achieve the objective of the study and to the hypothesis, the descriptive method of research was utilized. The purpose of employing the descriptive method is to describe the nature of a condition, as it takes place during the time of the study and to explore the cause or causes of a particular condition. The researcher opted to use this kind of research considering the desire to acquire first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study. According to Creswell (1994), the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition.     In terms of approach, the study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The quantitative approach focused on obtaining numerical findings was used with the laboratory experiments. The correlation research refers to studies in which the purpose is to discover relationships between variables through the use of correlation statistics (r). The square of a correlation coefficient yields the explained variance (r-squared). A correlational relationship between two variables is occasionally the result of an outside source, so we have to be careful and remember that correlation does not necessarily tell us about cause and effect. If a strong relationship is found between two variables, using an experimental approach can test causality. To assess the strength of relationship between variables, it is important to get the correlation coefficient, which can take on any value between -1 and +1, since this will tell the strength of the relationship between two ranked or quantifiable variables (Saunders et al, 2003, p. 363). Accordingly, a value of +1 represents a perfect positive correlation, which means that the two variables are exactly related, where, as the values of one variable increase, values of the other variable will increase. Conversely, a value of -1 shows a perfect negative correlation, which also means that the two variables are exactly related, only this time, as the values of one variable increase, that of the other decreases. Finally, correlation coefficients between +1 and -1 stand for weaker positive and negative correlations, and a value of 0 means that the variables are completely independent from each other. Table 1: Values of Correlation To assist the researcher in the statistical analysis of the gathered data, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used. SPSS is one of the most widely available and powerful statistical software packages that covers a broad range of statistical procedures, which allows a researcher to summarise data (e.g., compute means and standard deviations), determine whether there are significant differences between groups (e.g., t-tests, analysis of variance), examine relationships among variables (e.g., correlation, multiple regression), and graph results (e.g., bar charts, line graphs) (Einstein and Abernethy, 2000). PARTICIPANTS To gather pertinent information, the students were chosen as the respondents or participants for this laboratory study. The participants of this study composed of 68 females and 12 males. However, only 61 female students and seven males were considered to be analysed due to incomplete responses and extreme values. MATERIALS For this study, the experiment has used 30 words which has been shown among the chosen students. Note that the words used ranges from 3-letter words to 4-letter words and have one and two syllables. The data gathered using these words, will determine whether there is a significant relationship between head size or circumference and recall of list words.    PROCEDURE To achieve the objective of the study, the head circumference or size of the students were measured. The measurement of head circumference ranges from 53-62. In this study, the students/participants were asked to read or memorize 30 words which have been given above.   After which the students have asked to mention what words did they recall and the researcher lists the number of words mentioned by the respondents. The scores of the students and the measure of their circumference were used for the analysis of the correlation. RESULT Significant Relations of Head Circumference and Recall   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using SPSS, the descriptive statistics and correlation of the variables were analysed. The result of the analysis were shown in tables and diagrams below.    Descriptive Statistics Table 2 Mean Std. Deviation N Head Circumference 57.015 2.06 68 Recalled List of Words 16.87 3.54    Correlations Table 3 Head Circumference Recalled List of Words Head Circumference Pearson Correlation Sign (2-Tailed ) N 1    .    68 **.315 000. 68 Recalled List of Words Pearson Correlation Sign (2-Tailed ) N 315.** 000. 68 1    . 68 **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)    Figure 1 Scattered Diagram Figure 2 DISCUSSION Given the data gathered from the laboratory experiment, analysis shows that the average of the head size of the students is 57.015 and the recalled words mean average is 16.87 out of 30 words. The correlations table displays Pearson correlation coefficients, significance values, and the number of cases with non-missing values. Pearson correlation coefficients assume the data are normally distributed. The Pearson correlation coefficient is a measure of linear association between two variables. Basically, the values of the correlation coefficient range from -1 to 1. The sign of the correlation coefficient indicates the direction of the relationship (positive or negative). The absolute value of the coefficient of correlation signifies the strength, with larger absolute values showing stronger relationships. The correlation coefficients on the main diagonal are always 1.0, because each variable has a perfect positive linear relationship with itself. Correlations above the main diagonal are a mirror image of those below. In our data, the correlation coefficient for head circumference (independent) and recall from lists of words (dependent) is 0.315. Since 0.315 is relatively close to 1 or -1 this indicates that head circumference (independent) is weak positive correlated with the recall of list of words (dependent). The significance of each correlation coefficient is also displayed in the correlation table. The significance level (or p-value) is the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the one observed. If the significance level is very small (less than 0.05) then the correlation is significant and the two variables are linearly related. If the significance level is relatively large, for example, 0.50, then the correlation is not significant and the two variables are not linearly related. In this result, since the p-value is less than 0.05, then the two variables are not significant Based on the given data, it has been found out that head circumference has a weak positive relation with the recall of lists words. In this regard, the research accepts the hypothesis that there is a significant relationship between head circumference and recall of lists of words among students. In the scattered diagram, it can be said that there is a vague relationship between the two variables. In this regard, it can be said that head size of the students may affect the number of words recalled by the students. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the data analysis, it can be concluded that the instrument used in this study as well as the method used to achieve its primary objective has been efficient and effective. The findings have shown that the head size or circumference of the students who took part of the study have a weak positive relation with the number of words they recalled out of 30 words provided by the researcher. This study further concluded that the memory function of an individual can be measured through the head circumference or head size of such individual.    Reference Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research design. Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Deary IJ, Whalley LJ, Lemmon H, Crawford JR, Starr JM (2000). The stability of individual differences in mental ability from childhood to old age: follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey. Intelligence 28: 49–55 Esgate, A. et al (2004). An introduction to applied cognitive psychology. Psychology Press. Hove, England. Gale, CR, Walton, S and Martyn, CN (2003). Foetal and postnatal head growth and risk of cognitive decline in old age. Brain, Vol. 126, No. 10, 2273-2278, Reynolds MD, Johnston JM, Dodge HH, DeKosky ST, Ganguli M. (1999).   Small head size is related to low Mini-Mental State Examination scores in a community sample of nondemented older adults. Neurology 53: 228–9. Stern Y. (2000). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsychol Soc; 8: 448–60 Tisserand, DJ, Bosma, H, Van Boxtel, MPJ and Jolles, J. (2001). Head size and cognitive ability in nondemented older adults are related. Neurology 56:969-971 Wickett JC, Vernon PA, Lee DH. Relationships between factors of intelligence and brain volume. Personality Individual Difference 29: 1095–122.

Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics

Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics The paper examines, explain clearly, rigorously the term entropy, then discuss and evaluate its meaning in the context of the second law of thermodynamics. Also It will give a historical overview of the term entropy and it will give some examples which are taken from the daily life and with these, I will try to explain clearly the term entropy and its intention not only in the context of the second law and also its results in our daily life. 2. Introduction (Appendices A.) The term entropy has some related definitions. The first definition used by the German physicist Rodolf Julius Clausius in the 1850s and 1860s, he did that to state the second law of thermodynamics. The word entropy has been taken from the Greek word Ï„Ï ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ · which means transformation. Also just as the first law of thermodynamics leads to the definition of energy as a property of a system, so the second law, in the form of Clausius inequality, leads to the definition of a new property of fundamental importance. This property is entropy. In the 1870s the term entropy is given by J. Willard Gibbs. The meaning of what he says is that the entropy shows the uncertainly about the state of a system. The latter can be defining from the probability distribution of its micro-states which demostrates, all molecular details about the system such as the position and the velocity of every molecule. If Pi is the possibility of a micro-state i, then the entropy of the system can be ex pressed by S = -k ÃŽ £ Pi ln Pi Where k is the Boltzmann constant equal to 1.38062 x10^(−23) joule/kelvin. Another definition, is the statistical definition developed by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1870s. This definition, describes the entropy as a measure of the number of possible microscopic configurations of the individual atoms, and molecules of the system; which would give rise to the observed macroscopic state of the system. In statistical thermodynamics, Boltzmanns equation, is a possibility equation relating the Entropy S of an ideal gas to quantity W, which is the number of micro-states corresponding to a given macro-state: S = k log W Where k is Boltzmanns equal to 1.38062 x10^ (−23) joule/kelvin. Boltzmann has proved that the entropy of a given state of thermodynamic al system is connected by a simple relationship to the probability of the state. According to M. Kostic(2004): Entropy is an integral measure of (random) thermal energy redistribution (due to heat transfer or irreversible heat generation) within a system mass and/or space (during system expansion), per absolute temperature level. Entropy is increasing from perfectly-ordered (singular and unique) crystalline structure at zero absolute temperature (zero reference) during reversible heating (entropy transfer) and entropy generation during irreversible energy conversion (lost of work-potential to thermal energy), i.e. energy degradation or random equip-partition within system material structure and space per absolute temperature level. 3. Entropy measures the disorder in a system (Appendices B.) Therefore, metaphorically if a small bookshelf getting disorganized, it will be increasing the entropy of the bookshelf. Because, when the bookshelf is properly organized, finding a book is predictable and easy because all books are in a nice order. As the bookshelf is getting disorganized, the chance of not finding a book increasing, as a result is much higher. So that, when a bookshelf, a room a house are organized and they are moved from being organized to being disorganized, they generate Entropy. Also, liquids have higher entropy than crystals intuitively because their atomic positions are less orderly. Calculating the entropy of mixing illustrates this interpretation. An example is with scrambling eggs because when we mix the yolk and the white we cannot re-separate after. An example from this situation are given in figures 1.1 and 1,2. V V 2V Fig. 1.1 Unmixed atoms. The premixed Fig. 1.2 Mixed atoms. The mixed state: N/2 state: N/2 white atoms on one side, N/2 mixed atoms and N/2 black atoms scattered black atoms on the other. Through the volume, 2V. Fig. 1.1 There are N/2 undistinguished ideal gas white atoms on one side and N/2 undistinguished gas black atoms on the other side. As a result, the entropy of this system: Sunmixed = 2kB log[V N/2/(N/2)] Twice the configurational entropy of N/2 undistinguished atoms in a volume V. We assume that the black and white atoms have the same masses and the same total energy. Now the entropy change when the partition is removed, as a result from the scrambling and the two sets of atoms allowed mixing. Because, the temperatures and pressures from the both sides are equal and when the partition removing does not involve any heat transfer, and the entropy change to the mixing of the white and black atoms. In desegregated state, the entropy has increased to Smixed = 2kB log[(2V )N/2/(N/2)] and it is: ΔSmixing = Smixed − Sunmixed = =2kB log[[V^N/2/(N/2)] / [(2V)^N/2/(N/2)] = =kB log 2N = NkB log 2 So that, it gain kB log 2 in entropy every time we place an atom into one of the boxes. James P. Sethna (2006) Furthermore, we can give another example which shows us that entropy measures the disorder in a system: Which is more disorder? The glass of ice chips or the glass of water? For a glass of water, the number of molecules is astronomical. The ice chips probable look more disorder when we compare to the glass of water which looks uniform. However, according to thermodynamics the ice chips place limits on the number of ways the molecules can be arranged. The water molecules in the glass can be arranged in many more ways; as a result, they have grater multiplicity and therefore greater entropy. 4. Entropy measures our ignorance in a system The most general is to measure our ignorance about a system. The equilibrium state of a system, maximizes the entropy because, we have lost all information about the initial conditions, as a result, the entropy maximizing immediately maximises and our ignorance about the details of the system. 5. Entropy measures the multiplicity of a system The probability of finding a system in a given state depends upon the multiplicity of that state. As a result it is proportional to the number of ways someone can produce that state. Here, it is a pair of dices, and in throwing this pair, that measurable property is the sum of the number of dots which are facing on the top. The multiplicity for two dots showing is just one because there is only one case of the pair that will give that state. For example, the multiplicity for seven dots is six, because there is six cases of the pair that will show a total of seven dots. Probable one way to define the quantity entropy is to do it in terms of the multiplicity. Multiplicity = W Entropy = k lnW Where K is Boltzmanns constant. For a system, of a large number of particles. We can expect that the system at equilibrium will be found in the state of highest multiplicity since the fluctuations from that the state will usually be extremely small to measure. As a result, as a large system approaches equilibrium, its multiplicity therefore, entropy tends obviously to increase. This is one way of stating the Second Law of Thermodynamic. 6. The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Appendices C.) The second law of thermodynamics states that heat flows always from the warmer to colder bodies and never opposite. This is a common experience which everyone has seen and probably every day we have a case of those. For example, whenever we leave a cup of warm coffee it will become cool in 10 minutes. The special point of this process is that by the end of years can never become backward. It has just one direction as time passes. Indeed, through our everyday experience know that when contacting a hot and a cold body will be transferred heat from the hot to the cold body, so the hot body will be a little cooler and the cold body the opposite will be a little bit hotter. However, it is never possible as the time passes and the two bodies are in contact the cold body to be colder and the hot body to be hotter, for example, if we put an ice-cube into our drink, the drink does not boil. Therefore, it is only one direction in the flow heat which if we displaced it with a line, then this li ne will show everything from the past to now and to future. The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot be transferred from a colder to a hotter body within a system net changes occurring in other bodies within that system, in any irreversible process, entropy always increases. In nowadays, it is customary to use the term entropy in conjunction with the second law of thermodynamic. Consequently the entropy indicates the unavailable energy of a system, according to the law the entropy of a closed system can never reduce. Another form of the second law thermodynamic says that the minimum amount of heat which exchange a system during a change, which takes place at constant temperature T, associated with a change which is called entropy, with the equation: dQ=

Sylvias Use of Senses in Ariel :: English Literature Essays

Sylvia's Use of Senses in Ariel "Ariel" possesses power and importance, a certain element of orgasmic stress to the degree to which the horseback ride Plath once took becomes something more—a ride into the abyss of the unknown, a stare back into the eye of the sun, an odyssey to death, a stripping of personality and selfhood, a sort of blatant exposition. To treat "Ariel" as a confessional poem is to suggest that its actual importance lies in the horse- ride taken by its author, in the author's psychological problems, or in its position within the biographical development of the author. None of these issues is as significant as the imagistic and thematic developments rendered by the poem itself. Probably the finest single construction of Plath, "Ariel" has articulate precision and depth of its images. In its account of the ritual journey toward the center of life and death, Plath perfects her method of leaping from image to image in order to represent mental process. The sensuousness and concreteness of the poem—the "Black sweet blood mouthfuls" of the berries; the "glitter of seas"—is unmatched in contemporary American poetry. We see, hear, touch, and taste the process of disintegration: the horse emerging from the darkness of the morning, the sun beginning to rise as Ariel rushes uncontrollably across the countryside, the rider trying to catch the brown neck but instead "tasting" the blackberries on the side of the road. Then all the rider's perceptions are thrown together: the horse's body and the rider's merge. She hears her own cry as if it were that of a child and flies toward the burning sun that has now risen. To a reader who is unaware of Plath’s biography â€Å"ARIEL† would probably most immediately call to mind the "airy spirit" who in Shakespeare’s The Tempest is a servant to Prospero and symbolizes Prospero’s control of the upper elements of the universe, fire and air. And seen from a more intimate level, â€Å"ARIEL† was the name of her favorite horse, on whom she weekly went riding. The two reflections about the name â€Å"ARIEL† have often been noticed and pointed out, with the emphasis, from a critical perspective, being placed on the biographical referent. But there is another possible referent in the title of the poem, which no one has yet noted, although the poet, apparently, went out of her way to make reference, even obvious reference, to it.

An Analysis of Frosts Poem Once by the Pacific :: Once by the Pacific Essays

An Analysis of Frost's Poem Once by the Pacific Although "Once by the Pacific" is not one of Frost's most commercial poems, that does not mean that it is not one of his best. It appears quite obvious to me by one read through of the poem that it has an apocalyptic theme to it. Frost uses the first four lines of the poem to give us a mental image of how powerful the ocean water is: The shattered water made a misty din. Great waves looked over others coming in, And thought of doing something to the shore That water never did to land before. We imagine water crashing down upon the shore line wave upon wave, getting bigger and bigger as they continue. Frost personifies the water in line 3 by giving us the idea that the water has an actual mind and can do as it wishes. That we are at the mercy of the ocean as it stands there in its threatening tone and demands respect from us. I think that line 4 is ironic because if we look at biblical history, water has covered the entire earth before (Genesis 7:17-24). Yet Frost approaches this as if it is a new idea, perhaps because we have a hard time comprehending such an unimaginable occurrence as the Great Flood. The next 3 lines use the image of the clouds in the sky concealing what is to come: The clouds were low and hairy in the skies, Like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes. You could not tell and yet it looked as if .

Islam and Science Essay -- essays research papers fc

Islam and Science The 6th century Islamic empire inherited the scientific tradition of late antiquity. They preserved it, elaborated it, and finally, passed it to Europe (Science: The Islamic Legacy 3). At this early date, the Islamic dynasty of the Umayyads showed a great interest in science. The Dark Ages for Europeans were centuries of philosophical and scientific discovery and development for Muslim scholars. The Arabs at the time assimilated the ancient wisdom of Persia and the classical heritage of Greece, as well as adapting their own ways of thinking (Hitti 363). The Islamic ability to reconcile monotheism and science prooves to be a first time in human thought that theology, philosophy, and science were coordinated in a unified whole. Thus, their contribution was "one of the first magnitude, considering its effect upon scientific and philosophic thought and upon the theology of later times" (Hitti 580). One of the reasons for such development of science is probably due to God's commandment to explore the laws of nature. The idea is to admire all creations for its complexity and to cherish the creator for His ingenuity. Possibly holding to this belief, Islam's contributions to science had covered many roots of thought including mathematics, astronomy, medicine and philosophy. A common misconception today is that religion and science cannot coincide because they contradict each other. In the case of Islam, however, this statement has been disproven by verses in the Qur’an, hadeeth (prophetic tradition), and scientific discoveries by prominent Muslim philosophers. On the contrary, one of the traditions left by Prophet Muhammad teaches Muslims â€Å"to seek knowledge, though it be in China,† or not at arm’s length (Science in the Golden Age 8). Muslims are encouraged to use intelligence and observations to draw conclusions. Islamic civilizations, in fact, were the â€Å"inheritors of the scientific tradition of late antiquity. They preserved it, elaborated it, and, finally, passed it on to Europe† (Science: The Islamic Legacy 3). Much of Europe’s scientific resurrection can be attributed to the translations of over 400 Arab authors in the subjects of ophthalmology, surgery, pharmaceuticals, child care, and public health (Ts chanz 31). The fusion of both Eastern and Western ideas caused Islamic civilizations to thrive in a... ... were also religious scholars. Therefore, the evidence is clear that harmony exists between Islam and science. Works Cited Ahmed, Shabbir. Why I Am Not a Christian. Lauderhill: Galaxy Publications, 1999. Bucaille, Maurice. â€Å"The Qur’an and Modern Science.† The Origin of Man. Jan 2001. 9 Mar 2005. . Hitti, K.Phillip. History of the Arabs.New York: St. Martins Press, 1970 Holy Qur'an. Trans. M. H. Shakir. Elmhurst, NY: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an, n.d.. Ibrahim, I.A. A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam. 2nd ed. Houston: Darussalam, 1997. King, A. David. Islamic Mathematical Astronomy .London: Varioum Reprints, 1986. Lunde, Paul. â€Å"Science in the Golden Age.† Aramco World Magazine. 1986. Lunde, Paul. â€Å"Science: The Islamic Legacy.† Aramco World. 1986: 3-13. Osler, Sir William. The Evolution of Modern Medicine. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921. Sirasi, G. Nancy. Avicenna in Renaissance Italy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987. Tschanz, David W. â€Å"The Arab Roots of European Medicine.† Aramco World. May/June 1997: 20-31. Zahoor, A. and Z. Haq. â€Å"Qur’an and Scientific Knowledge.† 9 March 2005. http://www.quran.org.uk/ieb_quran_scientific_knowledge.htm.

Relationship Between Machbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay

Throughout the play Macbeth, there is an ongoing relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Right away you pick up that Lady Macbeth is a very cold controlling person, while her husband is very naive and weak. The relationship these two share is as what most people would see as unhealthy. There are never any agreements, there is never any reasoning, it’s one way, Lady Macbeth’s way, and that’s it. This is one of the biggest factors as to why all these tragedies happened. She sparked Macbeth’s dark side, she brought it out of him and as the play progresses, you see how Macbeth is out of control and how Lady Macbeth loses all her power over him. The roles become reversed and it leads to one big mess spiralling out of control. Macbeth, once a meek, loyal man is influenced by his cold, cruel wife and from there, tragedy strikes. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, you can see right away is not a good one. She is the type of person who has to have it her way. She is making Macbeth live the life she wants. When the three witches foresee him becoming King of Scotland, Lady Macbeth doesn’t even question if he will achieve it or whether to try, she orders him to be it saying â€Å"Shalt be thou art promised† (Macbeth 1, V). Besides her always taunting and ordering Macbeth, you never see any affection between the two. You never hear them acting like a normal married couple. It seems as if they are just two people with the label of husband and wife. They can never just have a normal conversation, it’s always orders and arguments. Macbeth never wants to let down or disappoint her, it’s almost like he is scared of her. This relationship is what causes the tragedies. Lady Macbeth has a huge influence on Macbeth. Their relationship has to be the engine that sparked all the deaths. It starts off by Lady Macbeth ordering him to kill King Duncan, the King of Scotland. She first taunts him by saying â€Å"It is too full o’th’milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way† (Macbeth 1, V). This shows how cold Lady Macbeth is, as milk is the food of a new born child, she implies Macbeth is too much like a kind child to murder anyone, which is a method used to spur Macbeth on into killing the King. When Macbeth finally finds the courage to tell her he doesn’t want to kill, she shuts him down instantly. She goes â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem† (Macbeth, 1, VVI). This is a huge insult to Macbeth, and this is what finalizes his decision to kill King Duncan. You can see how she starts rubbing off on him when he says â€Å"False face must hide what the false heart doth know† (Macbeth 1, VVI). As the play continues, Lady Macbeth is constantly telling Macbeth what has to be done. Killing after killing, she is in his ear about what to do next. Eventually, Macbeth has no more control over his darkness and you quickly see things start to change. Once Macbeth started getting more confident by his killings, he realized he was gaining more and more power, and his ambition grew stronger and out of control. You start to see his and Lady Macbeth’s relationship change. Lady Macbeth starts feeling guilty in act three. â€Å"Tis safer to be that which we destroy, than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy† (Macbeth 3, II), this shows she realizes that getting what you want doesn’t bring peace. Despite the fact that both are feeling guilty, Lady Macbeth tries to remain strong in front of Macbeth â€Å"Things with without all remedy should be without regard: what’s done is done†. This shows Lady Macbeth again telling Macbeth that the murder has happened and that he should get over it, as nothing can be done to change it. There is however a hint of remorse in Lady Macbeth’s voice, showing how she is losing her power over Macbeth, mainly because she is finding it hard to get over her guilt. It happens once again when Macbeth shouts out â€Å"O, full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife† (Macbeth, 3, II). This is where we understand Macbeth cannot let go, he has to now take the matter of murder into his own hands. As the scenes go by, you see Macbeth making his own decisions. He starts killing firstly without conscience or guilt, and secondly, without Lady Macbeth’s consent. He stop telling her his plans and when Lady Macbeth hears word of her husband’s actions, she is overwhelmed with guilt and commits suicide. When he finds out about this, he shrugs off her death, he felt more guilty about the killing of the King, a person he hardly even knew, than the death of his wife, the woman he believed to have loved. This proves that one, either Macbeth was in too deep with his evil side at this point, he showed no remorse, or two, he didn’t really love his wife, another point proving their unhealthy relationship. Perhaps it is Lady Macbeth’s cold hearted ways that have taught Macbeth not to care, perhaps if there was no Lady Macbeth, Macbeth would still be the man he started off as. Every person has a dark side amongst themself, it’s just a matter of how you contain it. By the end of the play we see how the relationship has deteriorated to such a state Macbeth loses all emotions. He no longer cares who the person is, who will be affected by their murder, or if they deserve to die or not, if there is the possibility of them coming in the way of Macbeth and his dream, they are dead. Macbeth no longer has the fear of getting caught either. He believes he is invincible, that he can do anything. This just goes to show how much one person can have such a huge impact on your life and how the right amount of taunting and nagging mixed with a whole lot of ambition creates a very dangerous, deadly mix.

Nstp 1 Essay

Taking up NSTP 1 is fun and informative at the same time. I have learned many things from the beginning of the lecture about the bill of rights, up to the last meeting . Also I learned much about the environment and known whatever I learned there, will never be forgotten just that I should be able to apply the knowledge I have acquired. Before , I thought that disasterjust cause destruction to human lives and material but the truth is it also disrupts the function of society. I also found out that the reason why disaster occur is not onlybecause of the climate change or unbalanced ecosystem, but also because of the â€Å"low level of political and social organization â€Å" , which has been discussed by Mr. Abraham so I realized, in order to prevent disasters, we should be united, organized and start doing good things for the environment. Ihad a lots of fun listening to the lecture about drugs too, although I have completely made up my mind not to take any harmful dgurs, the informatio have lheard will be of great help. I will be more careful not to trust strangers,now that I know that there is ROHYPNOL, the ‘Date Rape Drug’ which cause amnesia, fatigue, dizziness to the victim. I really enjoyed the lessons about Disaster and Risk Management, I learned about how to be safe in times of disasters like earthquakes,tsunami and many more. In NSTP 1 , I have been taught to be responsible adult. The last lecture encourage memore participate since it is in factone of our basic human rights which we often neglect. I also made up my mind that I will be taking for NSTP II because I want to help children and share what I know without asking for anythingin return. By doing simple things, we can contribute to our nation’s development because remember that big things come from small things.

Gender Stereotypical Attitudes Past Essay

It has been generally observed that workplace attitudes on gender have continued to influence decisions and direct actions in organizations. These attitudes have tended to be directed more at women than men. The result has been a hindrance in the effective participation of women in decision-making at the workplace. Most men, and sadly women, have had the opinion that women lack the ability to function in management positions that require strategic decision making within the organization. They are said to lack the ability to decide on their feet, as somebody would put it. Research findings unfortunately seem to point at the existence of this sad scenario in most organizations. A research carried out by Wood (2008) provides a lot of insightful information on the effect of gender stereotyping of women at the work place. Out of a total of 30 respondents selected for this study, there were 19 men and 11 women, who happened to be in various management positions in their organizations. It is interesting to note the gender stereotyping began right from the sampling. One wonders why the researchers decided to use 19 male and 11 female managers and not 15 male and 15 female managers. A good number of the female managers in the US felt it would take over 10 years for women to achieve equal representation with men in terms of job placement. A number of male respondents from the US shared a similar view and supported his position by submitting that in the organisation where he works, there are very few women, and even then most of them take long durations in lower positions. Some female respondents were of the opinion that it would take more than a decade for women to realize 50% representation in senior management positions. A female respondent was of the opinion that 50% representation might not be realized. She however opined that this was not because women lacked the ability to perform in these high positions, but because they were not simply interested in taking up such positions. This position is tandem with the respondents who were asked if they aspired to be promoted. Whereas 68% of the men said they aspired for promotion, only 55% of the women were willing to be promoted. It is however unclear whether their lack of aspiration is due to lack of skills, knowledge and abilities. Whereas 58% of the men said that they had successfully achieved promotion, only 27% of the women shared this position. It is however debatable whether their failure to secure promotion was based on their lack of interest, lack of ability or because of their smaller number in organizations. It would appear that children hinder women from aspiring for management positions because one respondent said that women who wish to get these positions put off bearing children. Some respondents said that senior management positions are not open to everybody, but to a small clique of old boys who operate like a closed shop. Breaking into this network requires people with unique abilities, and not many women have the stamina to push through. The few who have been able constitute the small percentage. Some managers were of the view that achieving 40/60 percent representation for women and men respectively in more than 10 years could be more realistic than 50/50 percent representation. They argue that it takes time to develop somebody to management level, which not many women are willing to wait for patiently. Even when they reach the top, some of them opt out and might not be replaced by other women, but by men. It was also felt by some respondents that management positions require performers, which not many women might be. They feel that 50% representation at any time might be quite ambitious, but 10% would be realistic. Cumulatively, out of the female respondents, 1 felt that it would take 5 – 10 years to have 50% female representation, 2 said it would take more than 10 years while 4 said it would take 10 years or more. Only one female respondent said women will never achieve 50% representation. 1 said it would take another 5-10 years, while two said it would take more than 10 years from that time. 1 out of the 19 male respondents said it would take between 5-10 years to achieve 5% female representation, while 1 said it would take more than 10 years. 6 said it would take another 10 years or more. 5 male respondents said women will never achieve 50% representation, while one said it would take them more than ten years to achieve a paltry 10% representation. The results from this research could have major implications in the actual working environment as far as female aspirations for higher managerial positions are concerned. The first implication which is more theoretical in nature is that women are being negatively influenced as far as their career advancement is concerned. When the results make it abundantly clear that chances of achieving a 50% female representation on the workplace are slim, most of the female employees will get demotivated and will find no reason to aspire for high managerial positions. Such a decision is likely to keep them at the lower level of then organization hence inhibiting their career advancement. Making top management positions appear like a private members’ club which requires connections before joining could easily scare away women from venturing. Not many women are able to weave their way through male dominated networks. The few who are able are possibly the ones who share such positions with men. Some women would like to be mothers as well as career women. Making it appear as if advancing in one’s career can only take place at the expense of family life is enough deterrent to a woman’s career advancement. The practical implication of the research findings is that organizations might fail to sufficiently utilize the skills, knowledge and talents possessed by women. It is known that women have some unique abilities which could be harnessed and utilized in the organization. Scaring them away from management positions where important decision making is done denies the organization opportunity to benefit from their input. Apart from being scared by the attitude of men, fellow women also play a role. References Wood, Glence. 2008. Gender Stereotypical Attitudes Past, Present and Future Influences on Women’s Career Advancement. Equal Opportunities International, Vol. 27 No. 7, pp. 613-628

Ethical Principles of Psychologists & Code of Conduct Essay

What is it about each of these studies that makes them unethical? The Milgram experiment In the Milgram experiment the people who played the role known as the teachers, were intentionally tricked. Based on the Code of Conduct 2 where pretext may be ethically admissible. It was the way that Milgram did so that was not ethical by today’s standards. For human participants the codes cover topics such as deception, consent, withdrawal of data, confidentiality etc. The Little Albert experiment It is argued that conducting the experiment was unethical. There is no clear evidence that Little Albert developed at rat phobia after maturity. Though he was never desensitized because of lack of time, life would sooner or later desensitize him anyway. The only evidence of being unethical was lack of consent by Little Albert’s since he was only a 9 month old baby, he couldn’t very well do so himself. Consent was given on his behalf by his parents and it was Little Albert whom endured distress while being involved in Watson’s experiment. The blue eyes and brown eyes experiment According to supporters of Elliott’s approach, the goal is to reach people’s sense of empathy and morality. Two professors of education, Goodson and Sikes say that what Elliot did was unethical because the exercise was psychologically and emotionally damaging. â€Å"She has been accused of scaring people, breaking the school rules, humiliating children, being domineering, angry and brainwashing.†4 Does the benefit of learning the results of these studies outweigh the potential harm of conducting the studies? Why or why not? The Milgram experiment In the Milgram experiment there was psychological harm, which was not as bad  as initially thought, because of Milgram debriefing the teacher immediately after the experiment. With 40 year hindsight, this particular study does outweigh the potential benefit verses harm. The Little Albert experiment With Little Albert it was fear that was imposed on him, involuntarily. Being only 9 month old probably didn’t produce any permanent or longer term fears, the short term effects where not humane, especially to a 9 month old baby. The blue eyes and brown eyes experiment It’s known as a lesson of a life time in history. When Elliot did the exercise 37 years ago, she changed the lives of the children in her class forever. The experiment, it’s self was not looked upon in Elliott replied, â€Å"Why are we so worried about the fragile egos of white children who experience a couple of hours of made-up racism one day when blacks experience real racism every day of their lives?†6 If you wanted to replicate these studies, what (if anything) could you do in order to meet the APA’s Code of Conduct and ethical standards? The Milgram experiment If I wanted to duplicate The Milgram Experiment, I would do so based on the guidelines of the APA’s Code of Conduct and Ethical Standard. Starting with not withholding the truth how the experiment was to be conducted and make all parties involved aware. And allowing the participant’s to leave or quit the experiment at any time they became uncomfortable. The Little Albert Experiment The only way to be able to do this experiment is with full knowledge and consent. A 9 month old baby couldn’t give that. The best way would be to allow only adults, 18 years and up. The blue eyes and brown eyes experiment Even though there was so much controversy in 1960. Times are different and have come a long way. Without doing the experiment on different age groups back then and now, I am not sure of how profound the outcome may be opposed to The Lesson of a Lifetime!

Quantitative and Qualitative research (Dose clothes price influence Paper

Quantitative and Qualitative (Dose clothes price influence Cambridge EF student to purchase) - Research Paper Example Stating precisely, as per the recent trend, the clothing price is getting cheaper than the previous trends. Correspondingly, in order to examine this notion, the students from the EF studies of Cambridge region will be observed in this study as subjects to answer the question as to whether they are being influenced by the clothing price. The prime objective of the study is to analyse the recent prices of clothes in the area of Cambridge region in contrast with the trend observed around the globe. Besides, the study will also evaluate the extent to which, the recent clothing price has been affecting the purchasing power of EF students from the Cambridge region, based on the hypothesis developed below. In the recent scenario, dressing style has become an important matter for the young generation, which is considered as a mechanism of imprinting one’s personality and superiority from their counterparts in the society. Observably, a large number of clothing or textiles companies have been paying more attention towards delivering quality services providing fashionable clothes to its consumers, based on their tastes and preferences. According to Allwood & et. al. (2006), the modern day clothing materials are getting cheaper, increasing scope for innovation in the industry dimensions. Notably, the modern trend clothing style is recognised as more fashionable rather than expensive and diverse, which indicates the perception of its users to differentiate themselves from others within the society. Allwood & et. al. (2006) further elaborated that in the year of 2000, aggregated consumer expenditure amounted at around US$1 trillion that also indicates the expanding boundaries of the industry. Above all, it signifies the changing perceptions and notions amid the consumers of the clothing industry, which on a wider realm, may exhibit the transformations witnessed within

Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Journalism - Essay Example Internet has helped develop the speed with which reports get fed in the news channels and newspapers. It has eased up work as well as made the element of giving quick reports possible. The aspect of live reporting has also been made possible with the advent of Internet and more so in the field of journalism alone. It has been proven by recent studies that the masses have stood up and taken due notice of the role of technology within journalism and have generally appreciated the very fact which brings upon a positive influence towards their respective lives (Berger, 1998). This paper specifically discusses the role of Internet and the newer forms of online communication under the domains of journalism and discerns the relation between these newer media and journalism within the broader contexts. The notion of technology working for the benefit of journalism is a very important one in the time of age of today. This is because technology has manifested growth and development for the people who are related with the field of journalism in the last 2 decades or so. The Internet has helped shape up the way the work gets done. The reporting has become much easier. News stories are prepared at the end of the reporters and producers and then transmitted to the channels where these get encrypted and thus read out or printed over the local medium (TV, radio or newspaper). The use of expressive vocabulary has in essence built a much needed bridge between the provider and the receiver of this information, which has actually made the journalistic viewpoint more liable to creating a solid impact on the minds of the viewers, listeners and readers. The audience is thus getting the message fast and they now do not have to rely on the traditional media vehicles for confirming a particular pie ce of news and/or reporting which had been done the earlier day. Things have started to change with the advent of the Internet and one can deduce from this fact that this

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus - Lab Report Example A petri dish containing 1 TSA 5% sheep blood agar was divided in half. A sterile swab was used to swab the throat and skin. A streak inoculation was performed for each sample on each section of the plate, which was incubated for 24 hours at 37 oC.   The resultant colonies were then tested for Gram staining and the presence of alpha, beta, and gamma hemolytic bacteria. This test was performed by observing the presence or absence of red blood cell hemolysis on sheep blood agar. The next test that was performed was the catalase test to determine the production of enzyme catalase. A small amount of the colony was placed on a glass slide after which a few drops of catalase reagent was dropped on the bacteria. The production of bubble indicated a positive test for catalase. The catalase-positive samples were then tested for bacitracin sensitivity by incubating the colonies in four sections of a blood agar plate containing bacitracin discs for 24 hours at 37 oC. A coagulase test was then performed following the observation of bacitracin resistance in the bacteria. This test was performed to detect the production of enzyme coagulase by adding a loop full of the bacteria to tubes containing rabbit plasma and incubating for 24 hours at 37 oC. The coagulase negative samples were further tested for novobiocin susceptibility by incubating the bacteria in plates containing novobiocin antibiotic disks at 37 oC for 24 hours. Novobiocin test is usually used to distinguish between S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus.