Luxury Car Market in India Essay Example for Free

Luxury Car Market in India Essay The Luxury goods industry is a very wide industry comprising of products from watches, jewellery, perfumes, expensive wines to yachts, expensive pens, and clothes. Goods for which demand increases more proportionally as compared to income, are known as ‘Luxury goods’, in contrast to a necessity goods, for which demand increases less proportionally to income. Some luxurious goods are bought due to the tag implied of a status symbol, such goods tend to signify the purchasing power of those who buy them. These goods are not always better in quality or appearance than their less expensive substitutes. The main purpose of purchasing these goods is to display the wealth of their owners. The industry is said to be highly cyclical and the driving force behind the growth of this industry is wealth worldwide, while the economic growth and conditions of various regions affect this industry. Jewellery has been part of the Indian civilization since ancient history. They were in fashion since ancient civilizations as Harappa and Mohanjodaro. Made out of almost any material, jewelry is basically adorned to highlight nearly any body part. Be it the traditional jewelry or the latest ones which are increasingly in demand, i. e. the costume imitation jewelery. There is no dearth when it comes to accentuating the beauty with varied imaginative stunningly designed jewelry items. This report has focused on luxury product categories jewellery. The report provides an overview on the size of the market, importance of luxury goods, target market, problems faced and the various driving factors as well as the latest trends. The major global luxury market players have been profiled. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTION? The Indian gems and jewellery sector is also largely unorganized at present. There are more than 15,000 players across the country in the gold processing industry, of which only about 80 players have a turnover of over $4. 15 million. I want to evaluate the problems faced by the jewellery sector and come up with measures to help make the sector more organized. ?The rise of the middle class population in India is estimated to be around 120-150 million. Keeping this in mind I want to potray the market potential of luxury goods in India. ?India as a Manufacturing Hub for Global Luxury Brands. I want to study and evaluate methods adopted by major countries and conclude the possibility of India being the manufacturing hub for global luxury brands. THEORETICAL RATIONAL The advent of foreign luxury brands is in a way an indicator of the promising India growth story. Looking to reap early mover advantages, these brands have set up shop in our country. The Indian luxury market, currently in its growth stage needs to address key concerns like the lack of adequate retail infrastructure and limited availability of trained workforce for the trade if it wishes to promote luxury retail in the country. The world today is looking at India, and the products coming out of it. Our skills pool speaks of the highest level of craftsmanship and creativity as it has evolved and been refined by many generations that carry on the trade. India is also well poised to be an outsourcing destination for foreign luxury brands. The obvious benefits that India has to offer such as low labour costs, superiority of fabrics and customization, gives it an advantage over other mass producing countries. To achieve the objective of promoting indigenous brands and positioning India as a future manufacturing hub for luxury goods, consolidation in the industry is imperative. The need of the hour is for the industry players to create a sophisticated business model supported by financial and legal footings, and for the government to develop the requisite infrastructure. Indias luxury sector has gained significant speed. It has the potential and resources, to outshine other developing economies. Thus the route is chalked out and the objective is known. If the road can be cleared of challenges and impediments, luxury retailing in India will have a smooth drive ahead. THE EXPECTED IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT FOR ORGANIZATIONS My research on luxury goods and jewellery is innovative because it brings together analysis of national discourses about Indian market with a study of the practices and choices of the Indian government and the luxury goods and jewellery sector. I believe this research can be helpful to the nation, development agencies, and indigenous organizations. I am particularly committed to sharing the results of my analysis with the Jewellers Association in India and hope that my work will not just be an extraction of truths, but will give them information with which they can help make the sector more organized. PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW Attempting to break into markets overseas is generally more challenging than trying to expand into new domestic markets. Globalization is the process of social, political, economic, cultural and technological integration among countries around the world. (Hodgetts / Luthans / Doh, 2006:pg. 7). Evidence of growth is seen by increased levels of trade, capital flows and migrations; a lot of changes in the environment have taken place. India is the world’s second most populous country; it has traditionally had more than its share of political and economic problems. The per capita GDP remains low, but the recent environmental trends have boosted thus helping to bolster a large middle and upper- class market for goods in the luxury and jwellery industry. The industry is dominated by family jewellers, who constitute nearly 96% of the market. Organised players such as Tata with its Tanishq brand, have, however, been growing steadily carving a 4% market share. As India’s jewellery market matures, it is expected to get more organised and the share of family jewellers is expected to decline. There are more than 6,000 players in domestic diamond processing industry. The average gestation period for setting up a diamond cutting and polishing unit is 15 months. The low gestation period, coupled with low capital cost allows easy entry into the sector. This has led to the industry being largely characterised by a large number of small scale players. However, just as in the case of jewellery, the share of the organised sector has increased significantly in recent years due to an increase in demand for better and finer quality of finished goods. India Gems and Jewellery Industry – Highlights Jewellery market size – $13 billion Diamond jewellery – $1. 2 billion Gold jewellery market growth year on year – 15% Diamond jewellery market growth – 27% (By bharatbook. com Dated: Jul 24, 2008). According to market reports, around 6- 7 million Indians can afford to buy luxury goods but hesitate to do so since they are unfamiliar with brands and products. With a growing millionaire base in India, the luxury market is growing annually at around 35% CAGR (The Economic Times: August 10, 2008) If India keeps the last three years average growth at 9%, the income levels of consumers is expected to almost triple by 2025. By 2025, it is estimated that India will become the fifth largest consumer market, rising from 12th largest today. High disposable income and a largely young population will drive consumption patterns upwards. With a huge youth populace below 25 years and having a 17% share of the world working population, India presents a huge market for brands across the spectrum. It is estimated that 52% of luxury customers are in the age bracket of 25-34years old. By 2033, the active age group 25-45 years is expected to be around one third of the population. With the average age of potential luxury consumers decreasing, the country is a goldmine waiting to be tapped. Given the core strengths of the manufacturing sector, India can well become a manufacturing hub for global luxury brands. Already brands like Louis Vuitton and Frette are looking at India as a manufacturing base for their products, but there are others who simply source their requirements from India. It is estimated that the manufacturing of luxury items in India can grow to US $500 million13. This manufacturing capability if harnessed properly can propel India as one of the leading destinations for manufacture. The cost advantages, particularly in labour intensive sectors like leather and accessories add to the advantage of the country. Luxury in India To be successful in India, it is both necessary to gauge the financial potential as well as the mindset of the Indian luxury consumer. This will help in bringing forth the right product offerings to the Indian consumer as well as targeting them better. Qualitative Insights 1. According to a study by American Express, ‘Inside the Affluent Space’, the mindset of the Indian consumer is a desire to prove that â€Å"I’ve Made It†. This can be related to the luxury categorization which is based on the fact that luxury is seen as a reward, both for achievements in life as well as showcasing these achievements to others. 2. The Luxury Marketing Council Worldwide has established a chapter in India, with the aim of promoting luxury in India. Their task will also be to build synergy between various luxury brands interested in India by way of sharing of consumer insights as well as best practices. 3. Even the Asian region is not uniform in its preference for luxury in terms of need fulfilment. Therefore, it becomes important to delineate the needs of the Indian consumer from the other Asian regions to target them better. This agenda gains importance because many Indians look at acquiring luxury from places such as Hong Kong, Tokya, China etc. Eg. It is interesting to note that Singapore consumers are more of connoisseurs compared to Hong Kong consumers who want Talk-Value from their luxury goods. 4. Hindustan Times has been at the forefront of driving the luxury revolution in India by organizing two Indian Luxury Conferences in the last 4 years. To add to it, it also brings out a monthly supplement of luxury goods available in India, thereby creating awareness for the luxury brands. Quantitative Insights. 1. As far as quantitative estimates are concerned, there will be 135,000 millionaires (in US dollar terms) in India by 2009. 2. The affluent market is set to grow at a rate of 13% in India, and by 2009, there will be approximately 1. 1 million affluents here. 3. The wealth potential of India’s affluents was to the tune of US$ 203 billion as of 2005. HYPOTHESES Keeping my literature review in mind my hypotheses would contain: Aim †¢The aim of this research is to study the different entry strategies and analyse which strategy is the most appropriate for luxury goods and jewellery in India. Objectives †¢Develop a case study on Indias luxury goods and jewellery industry and its progress to date and to seek secondary information that relates to entry strategies in the luxury goods and jewellery business. †¢Study the luxury goods and jewellery industry environment and Indias modifications. DATA SOURCES AND THE JUSTIFICATION FOR THE CHOICE Secondary Data Source The secondary data source would be documentary data: books, electronic media, and articles published in journals and newspapers which would help to answer the research question. Primary Data Source. To validate the finding of the research, interviews will be taken from the people who are in the jewelry and luxury goods industry. Semi structured interviews will help in putting across our research question and also listening on the topic area which interest the interviewee. Questionnaires data under this would help me to evaluate the general perceptions. Sample Size of primary Data Large qualitative methodology will be adopted for primary data collection. A survey conducted by e-mail questionnaire. A sample size of a few questions will be analyzed and interpreted with an approval from the supervisor. Method of Data Collection The literature search will aim to be comprehensive, but restricted access to primary literature. The collection of primary data will be based on a survey; the number would be restricted due to the restrictions of time to complete the project and resources to support it. I intend to collect data from luxury goods and jewellry industrialists who include manufacturers, exporters, traders, agents, lecturers, and students through questionnaire. Surveys and questionnaires will be administered on paper, in different formats. All may take place in person, or by mail, over the phone or via Internet/ Email. Data Analysis Both qualitative and quantitative techniques will be used in this research. The data obtained from the questionnaire will be analysed using quantitative technique. An interview and data which is collect from secondary source will be analysed qualitatively.. Interview data will be transcribed and then analysed qualitatively. Here, qualitative research would be used explore and understand peoples beliefs, experiences and attitudes. And quantitative research would be all the numerical data which would be from the surveys and questionnaires. RESEARCH DESIGN Dissertation Time Plan. MonthActivity December 3rd/4th weekStart thinking about the research ideas and data collection January1st/ 2nd weekLiterature searching and define objectives. January 3rd/4th weekLiterature searching/ writing. Submission of proposal Febuary1st/2nd weekDrafting of literature review/ working on Research Methodology/Conduction Interviews/ Meeting the tutor and taking a feedback February3rd/4th weekChecking literature review/ Analysis of the data collected and linking theories to the case study. July 1st/2nd weekMeeting tutor and check for final revision. July 4th weekSubmission of final draft. METHODOLOGY TO BE EMPLOYED The research for this dissertation would be done using multi-methods this is because different methods can be used for different purposes in this study. The research would have an inductive approach as I would collect data from companies and bring out responses to the research questions. The time horizon would be cross- sectional because this study is of particular trend, and not longitudinal analysis as they are made on observations over a period of time. The data collected would be by multi-methods i. e. qualitative and quantitative. These methods would be used to study the changes in environments. There would be secondary data to analyze the changes within the context of the organization. Details of any ethical considerations and steps taken to meet potential ethical concerns. Luxury goods should not be confused with the moral legitimation of their consumption. Especially if you are yourself a merchant who profits from the trade in luxury goods. Spending money on luxury goods, does good to the poor by inducing them to exert the industry, rather than keeping them idle. Hence creating employment for the poor. This kind of justification takes the issue of motivation for granted, that is, it assumes that people desire to consume luxury goods with a good conscience, thus keeping money in circulation. The following steps can be taken to meet potential ethical concerns: †¢Raising awareness of the code with subsidiarys. †¢Evaluation of the ethical monitoring programme. †¢Further monitoring of additional high risk suppliers from whom the company sources goods †¢ †¢Respect the use of banned substances/chemicals and provide an â€Å"alert service† to the retailers. References Books †¢ Charles W. L. Hill (2003), International Business †¢ Financial Times Management (1999), Mastering Global Business. †¢ George S. Yip (1992), Total Global Strategy. †¢ Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (1997) Research Methods for Managers (2nd edition), London, Paul Chapman. †¢ Harold chee, Rod Harris (1998), Global Market Strategy. †¢ Helen Deresky (2006), International Management, 5th edition: Managing across borders and cultures. †¢Hodgetts, Luthars, Doh (2006), International Mangement: culture, strategy and behaviour(6th edition), America, Mc-Graw-Hill/Irwin. †¢Isobel Doole, Robin Lowe (2004), International Marketing Strategy: analysis development and implementation. †¢GEMSTONES By Ronald F. Balazik †¢Fortune Magazine, 2007 †¢Mintel International Group, 2006 Websites †¢AmCham Shangai, http://www. amchamshanghai. org/AmchamPortal/MCMS/Presentation/Publication/Insig ht/InsightDetail. aspx? Guid=%7BFCCD3DCF-18BB-4705-9C8D-C677B764ACE1%7D †¢The Economist, August 2007 http://www. economist. com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=9005244 †¢Seeking Alpha http://seekingalpha. com/article/15478-growth-in-chinas-luxury-goods-market-to-be-fueled-by-2nd-tier-cities †¢http://www. just-style. com/store/product. aspx? ID=53193 †¢http://www. robbreport.com/News/Press-Releases/Robb-Report-Launches-Robb-Report-Global. asp †¢The Economist, August 2007 http://www. economist. com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=9005244 †¢International Herald Tribune, 2005 http://www. iht. com/articles/2005/12/04/opinion/rbuy. php †¢Forbes, 2005 http://www. forbes. com/2005/06/22/luxury-wealth-trends-cx_sr_0622luxury. html †¢Wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Luxury_good †¢Harvard Business School, http://hbswk. hbs. edu/item/4321. html †¢Miami Herald 2007, http://www. miamiherald. com/business/story/271242. html †¢Boston Consulting Group, http://retailindustry.about. com/od/seg_luxury/a/bl_bcg071304_2. htm †¢International Herald Tribune, 2007 http://www. iht. com/articles/2007/01/15/bloomberg/sxlux. php †¢Alf Nucifora, http://www. nucifora. com †¢HNWIs Behaviors and Portfolios Globalize, 2006, Merrill Lynch-Capgemini †¢Harvard Business School, http://hbswk. hbs. edu/item/4321. html †¢The Economist, August 2007 http://www. economist. com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=9005244 .†¢The Economist, August 2007 http://www. economist. com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=9005244 †¢Cosmetics Design Europe, 2006 http://www. cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/news/ng. asp? id=65405-luxury-goods-experiences †¢Boston Consulting Group http://retailindustry. about. com/od/seg_luxury/a/bl_bcg071304_2. htm †¢WWD. The Magazine, The Luxury Institute http://www. luxuryinstitute. com/about/news. html †¢Forbes, 2005 http://www. forbes. com/2005/06/22/luxury-wealth-trends-cx_sr_0622luxury. html †¢Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Concierge_medicine †¢Forbes, 2005 http://www. forbes. com/2005/06/22/luxury-wealth-trends-cx_sr_0622luxury. html †¢WWD The Magazine, The Luxury Institute http://www. luxuryinstitute. com/about/news. html †¢The Economist, August 2007. http://www. economist. com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=9005244 †¢US Chamber of Commerce, January 24, 2007 http://www. asiapacificms. com/articles/korea_counterfeits/ †¢http://www. iltm. net/en-gb/press/pressreleases680. cfm nation master. com Articles †¢Luxury goods market in India keep its cool 10 Aug 2008, †¢The Kirk Report Problems With Luxury Goods -TUESDAY, OCTOBER 23,2007 †¢Market for luxury goods: THE CASE OF THE COMIT? COLBERT By Giacalone, Joseph A Publication: Southern Business Review Date: Fall 2006 2006 †¢Why The Luxury Market Continues To Roar by Alf Nucifora.

Transportation Problem In Supply Chain Management Computer Science Essay

Transportation Problem In Supply Chain Management Computer Science Essay Transportation plays a very important role in Supply chain Management and my analysis is on the problem that why this department is suffering from transportation crises what are the barriers that are coming in the middle of these problems, I have noticed that the communication network is not properly establish in supply chain so the flow of information was not delivered. The other was the technology problem, due to this there was a high chance of theft, terrorism, hijack, and accidents which impact was directly coming on the products and the raw material which use to carry out from the manufacturer to the final consumer. I have also noticed that in supply chain the transportation also faces problem from the government side that is increase in duties impose on delivering of product, increase in tax rate on the vehicles and also increase in fuel cost. These entire problems which have been mentioned have been giving very strong impact on the production cost of the inventories. Solutions being introduced such as RFID, DSL CAMERAS, CELL PHONES etc to protect inventory from different disasters etc . With these problems, possible solutions and recommendation can solve major issues in transportation in Supply chain. Table of Content Pages Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Transportation concept model 5 Transportation capabilities 6-10 Problems in transportation 11 List of problems exist in transportation 11 Description of the problems 12-14 Solutions of the problem 15 Explanation of the solutions 16 Transportation planning and management 17 The i2 Solution: i2 Transportation Planning and Management 18 12.) Benefits of i2 Transportation Planning and Management can include 19 13.) Benefits of i2 Transportation Planning and Management can include 20 14.) Benefits of i2 Transportation Planning and Management can include 21 Introduction The transportation and logistics are essentials in supply chain network providing right quantity stuff to the right customer at the right time and the right place and at the right condition. The increasing ability to source commodity and finish good from anywhere in the world expands the domain of the transportation to include international comparison of supply chain structure and global interactive practices. As firm strategically compete on the basis of cost service or time, transportation can play integrative role in supply chain structures. More expansively transportation may be an ideal position to integrate and coordinate flows through out supply chain. The supply chain structure is often considered to represent the organizational efforts by three or more firms to manage and integrate material and related information flows in order to get closer to the customer. This supply chain structure attempts to order cross functional activities into holistic business process both within and across firms in the supply chain. As such attention must be given to both the internal and external customer of the firms. To minimize total cost and maximize customer value, transportation integration is essential within supply chain. In general integrative transportation involves getting the right assortments to the right place in perfect condition at the right time throughout the supply chain. Specifically the supply chain structure defines and drive the transportation capabilities of time compression, reliability, standardization, just in time delivery, information system support, flexibility and customization. Transportation concepts Product/info Flows Customer Supplier Inbound Manufacturer Outbound Info/Return Goods Flows TRANSPORTATION CAPABILITIES Time Compression Structural integration of the supply chain, such as operational coordination and information sharing can reduce transportation time and thus total supply chain costs. For example, faster transit time minimizes pipeline inventories and may allow customers to lower safety stocks held in reserve. If time compression results in more frequent deliveries, then cycle stocks also can be lower. Furthermore, time saved in delivery frees up time in other areas of the supply chain, which may further reduce total costs. Similarly, if there is a delay in another area of the supply chain, then transportation may be called upon to speed up its performance so that cycle times remain constant. Yet, speed is not necessarily of value to the customer if the old military shibboleth of hurry up and wait is operating. For this reason, just-in-time (JIT) delivery is important, Maximizing inventory velocity and reducing dwell-times are other time compression strategies that involve transportation. Velocity re fers to how many times inventory turns per year, or the average number of days of inventory on hand. For example, carrier-run flow-through warehouses or cross-docking operations similar to less-than-truckload (LTL) motor carrier terminals rather than storage facilities or user distribution centers should increase inventory velocity and therefore lower total inventory costs. Actions and policies that increase transportation container velocity will also reduce inventory costs. All of the above time-compression concepts reflect attempts to achieve operational efficiency using transportations temporal capabilities. As such, operational planning and reengineering may allow for transportation and information to serve as substitutes for warehousing and inventory costs. In particular, time compression strategies of expedited transportation, increased inventory velocity, and minimum dwell-times can reduce pipeline inventory, safety stocks, and cycle stocks. As a result, total supply chain costs may be minimized. Reliability Structural integration, such as technical operational planning and instrumental information sharing, also can foster transportation reliability, which can be defined as reduced variability of shipment times around the mean transit time. It is often more important that delivery times be reliable and consistent rather than solely fast. To achieve integration, supply chain members depend on reliable deliveries for their own production and sales efforts. Inconsistent supply performance can raise production costs (for example, by shutting down a production line) or engender lost sales through stockouts. What is the value of on-time delivery if being late can shut down an entire JIT production line? Off course, in the present competitive environment, both speed and reliability are demanded of transportation. Another dimension of transportation reliability is the absence of shipment loss and damage, which also is important to supply chain performance. Although the direct costs to supply chain members of replacing lost or damaged materials can be high, the indirect costs can be even higher. Among these indirect costs are lost sales, decreased customer loyalty, market share loss, production down-time, and reordering costs. The reliability of transportation is therefore critical for supply chain integration. Unreliable service that delivers partially filled orders and/or damaged articles can significantly increase supply chain costs. Standardization Standardization of transportation and logistics processes, practices, and policies is an important integrative capability. Standardization makes supply chain flows and activities more predictable and less susceptible to an exceptions basis. Individual processes, organizational entities, and personnel can act more efficiently in terms of less risk, time, labor costs, equipment, or other supply chain resources. Just-in-Time Delivery and Information Systems Support Structural integration, such as operational planning for process improvement, allows transportation to be synchronized with other supply chain activities and flows. Information systems support is also critical to facilitate such integrative performance. For example, consider transportation at a Saturn automotive plant where one third-party carrier handles 2,000 dock stops per day at five-minute intervals to exact points of demand on the production line. This eliminates warehousing and double-handling, substitutes moving warehouses, and enables Saturn to turn inventory more than 200 times per year. In contrast, unsynchronized transportation can create congestion, confusion, and poor production sequencing at a customers receiving docks. The results can be loss and damage, inefficient production and sales force efforts, and overtime or extra labour to handle the irregularities. For these reasons, early shipments may be even worse tha n late deliveries. Thus, structural integration through operational planning, coordination, and information sharing can be vital to achieving responsive JIT delivery and information systems support. Flexibilities Sorting and assembly to fulfil last-minute customer demands and to ensure such structural aspects as strategic alliances or regular meetings with customers to share information and determine their needs can build in transportation flexibility for supply chain integration and total cost reduction. For example, motor carriers and automobile manufacturers have jointly developed side-loading trailers to provide flexibility in terms of delivery sequence and to specific points on the line. Furthermore, nearby carrier-operated JIT flow-through warehouses make use of kitting operations and postponed flexibility in shipment scheduling. For special nonrecurring, non-standard, or emergency situations, supply chain members may require altered shipment plans or rush shipments. These may be needed to fulfil a commitment to a key client, for special promotions, for stock outs and replacement items, or simply to keep production running. In general, lack of transportation flexibility can raise invent ory carrying costs, ordering costs, the cost of lost sales, and production costs. In total, all of these transportation capabilities represent flexibility in terms of time, items, quantity, location, or delivery sequencing. Customization A final transportation capability involves customization of transportation offerings. Customizing transportation attributes for specific market segments or different supply chain members can further increase integration of supply chains. For example, store door-delivery systems or carrier-managed inventory reordering, labelling, and displays are innovations developed in response to specific market segments. In turn, direct delivery or cross-docking operations are innovations tailored to other market segments. Problems in Transportations Before we discuss the problems in detail we need to know, the ways of transportation through which the goal of just in time inventory can be achieved from Supplier, to manufacturer, to Whole seller, then to Retailer, and then to final Consumer. In supply chain there are Four ways of transportation. Road Transport Rail Transport Air Transport Sea Transport List of Problem exist in these transportation system Theft Accidents Terrorism Hijack labour Fuel Freight Fares Communication Technology Time Description of the Problems faced in These Transportation Theft mostly very common in road and rail transportation and its impact provide losses to the manufacturer. The supplier while using this mode of transportation must be very careful for delivery inventory just in time because you dont know when can the risk of theft occurs. Accident Every mode of transportation can suffer this which can upset the supply of inventory and customer relation can also become worse. So proper facilities must be provided on order bear loses and one can maintain good relationship with customers Terrorism Transportation activities mostly suffers this kind situation which impacts comes on supplier by not providing enough facilities or by not using reliable mode of transportation. Hijack Air Transportation suffers due lack of security facilities some time plain can be hijacked by terrorist and raw material can be taken to other destination. Once the material cannot be deliver on time the impact will come on the production line and therefore the production of goods will be stopped and manufacturer cannot deliver the order to final customers. Labour They work for wages manufacturer needs labour for making final products or finish good while taking work from them as a manager he is responsible for giving wages and any benefits to they labour, if manufacturer taking over time work from them he should give compensation to them other wise they can go on strike and products cannot be fully prepared Fuel All transportation mode is based on fuel weather it is airplane, train vehicle, or ship they need fuel to go from one destination to another and to purchase fuel they need money and these money take it from the supplier or customers in shape rent of vehicle or fares. If fuel price go up or there is strike going on and fuel is not available so one cannot use these transportation modes. Freight Fares Mostly companies hire transporters to take their material from one destination to another and for this transporters charges fares from them. So one should go for that transportation which is more reliable and offering less rate of fares increase in fares increases production cost. Communication Mostly supply chain suffer problem due lack of communication. The information is not delivered properly from one end to the other. If communication system is not properly established the manufacturer cannot be communicate with its supplier and due to this the just in time inventories can suffer loss by not getting the material on time. Technology A very important element in supply chain management and plays a vital role in transportation system. Technology can provide a very good solution from a number of disasters which can be faced in transportation modes. If there is no technology available in transportation systems then there is no chance that this system can escape from problems. Time It is very important when we are talking about transportation modes. If any one the transportation mode is not punctual for reaching the destination on time then its impact can come on just in time production line, because if material will not reach on time the finish good line would suffer a loss. Solutions of the problems faced in Transportation As we all know transportation faces numerous problems and technology is the best ways to provide solutions for some of the problems mentioned in this report. Technological Solution RFID DSL Cameras Cell phones Internet Tracker Other Solutions Transportation Modeling and Analysis Insurance Bar code reader Guards C.N.G Kit Explanation of Solutions We have discussed the problems which different modes of transportation suffer, and we have also listed some of the solutions for this which includes technology and other solutions. Technology solutions basically helps these modes of transportation from being attacked by, theft, terrorism, hijacked, and accidents which can take place any time, not only this some times government its self can cause problems for the transporters like increase in price of petrol or diesel which force the transporters to raise there fares, so then transporters need to find an alternate of these, The road transportation can use C.N.G kits there vehicle which can provide little flexibility in charging the fares. Security guards and insurance of products Airplane and of course train can make life easy they can protect it from terrorism activity which can take in these transportation, and insurance can help us in getting the cost back of the lost material or transportation systems. Cell phones, internet, and tracker facilities should be provided on every mode of transportation so one can locate from satellite its area where the transportation moving. Cell phones and internet helps in communicating and delivering of information from one end to another. These solutions can help in just in time inventory to reach its destination in time and with this facility it can reduce production cost. Transportation Planning and Management The transportation and distribution world is a rapidly changing landscape marked by unprecedented complexity. Increased global trade makes logistics supply chains even longer and more dynamic, and customer expectations continue to rise. Whether shipping from Chicago or Shanghai, companies must be able to collaborate more effectively with their key trading partners-carriers, suppliers, or customers-to drive maximum efficiencies while delivering world-class service. Consequently, organizations must consider these business processes more strategically and look for more refined and adaptable closed-loop solutions. i2 solutions for transportation and distribution have been designed and proven to empower transportation as a strategic enterprise by enabling industry best practices in the areas of design, procurement, planning, execution, and visibility. These solutions consistently create quantifiable value by synchronizing those critical transportation and distribution processes across multiple modes, enterprises, and borders, while driving optimal operating efficiencies and greater service performance. The i2 Solution: i2 Transportation Planning and Management i2 Transportation Planning and Management is a solution designed to provide planning, execution, management, and monitoring of a complex transportation life cycle. This solution can offer the tools needed to optimize and execute shipments, proactively monitor exceptions, manage match-pay and auto-pay settlements, as well as provide analytical performance management for transport activities. i2 Transportation Planning and Management uses configurable business rules and appropriate constraints to transform order fulfillment, procurement, and replenishment plans into cost optimized and executable transportation plans that adhere to facility inventory and transportation network constraints. By managing the entire transportation life cycle, this solution can help reduce costs, improve transport efficiency, and enhance customer satisfaction. Capabilities of the i2 Transportation Planning and Management solution can include: Optimized shipments and loads for minimum cost and maximum utilization Web, EDI, fax, or email communications for orders and tenders Support for merge-in-transit, dynamic hub selection, and cost allocation Support for multiple languages and international deployments Proactive monitoring for exception-based, in-transit visibility Automated 3D load plans, carrier selection, and network-wide transport plans Analytics and comprehensive reporting features FreightMatrix -hosted service option Benefits of i2 Transportation Planning and Management can include: Achieve substantial transportation costs savings Accelerate return on investment Increase visibility, asset utilization, and inventory efficiencies Improve customer satisfaction Achieve better labor productivity Establish transactional accountability for audit and compliance Transportation Modeling and Analysis In order to improve transportation performance and efficiency, it is essential to understand the complexities that businesses face today. A system capable of monitoring, analyzing, and reporting on important transport activities must be available. Unfortunately, few companies have the specialized systems needed to model and evaluate transportation network strategies, modes, carriers, and other transport variables on a periodic basis. Benefits of i2 Transportation Planning and Management can include i2 Transportation Modeler is part of an end-to-end solution for the planning, execution, and management of the entire transportation life cycle. This solution is designed to enable an organization to better utilize and manage an entire transportation network, as well as reduce costs while improving transport performance. i2 Transportation Modeler is designed to employ sophisticated optimization and data techniques to define and evaluate alternative transportation strategies. Managers create what-if scenarios to analyze virtually any aspect of the transportation environment, including: the use of cross-docks, the comparative advantages of various transport modes, merge-in-transit, co-mingling, and multi-drop direct shipment strategies. Since i2 Transportation Modeler can leverage the same core optimization engine of other i2 transportation solutions, solution models can be operationally executed. i2 Transportation Modeler is designed to provide comprehensive data management, analytics, and reporting of key transportation cost and service trade-offs. Capabilities of i2 Transportation Modeler can include: Flexible importing/entering/editing of data from virtually any source Modeling of complex real-world constraints and scenarios Powerful problem-solving engine to consolidate shipments, optimize delivery routes, and accommodate service requirements, as well as evaluate carriers and modes Sophisticated multi-leg and dynamic hub selection strategies Intuitive user interface with flexible reporting and graphical visualization Desktop PC and laptop enabled Optimization engine and tariffs are shared with i2 Transportation Manager Benefits of i2 Transportation Modeler can include: Reduce costs through efficient consolidation of freight onto fewer trucks Improve utilization of shipping-related assets such as warehouses, trucks, and containers Optimize transportation strategies and modes Improve on-time deliveries, product availability, and customer satisfaction Evaluate changes to the network that are driven by new distribution channels, suppliers, or customers Develop new revenue channels and increase profits Transportation Bid Collaboration Companies at every stage of the supply chain are looking for ways to control costs, improve service, and accelerate return on investment. By working together to negotiate transportation rates, shippers, carriers, and third-party logistics providers (3PLs) can establish fair and accurate contract rates by lane and service. But to do that, a sophisticated and reliable information system is required. The i2 Solution: i2 Transportation Bid Collaboration i2 Transportation Bid Collaboration provides a suite of tools for the periodic negotiation of transportation rates. It combines an optimization engine, a web-based workflow, and a bidding tool into a single solution for negotiating and awarding transportation contracts. Using transactional shipment history and forecast data, i2 Transportation Bid Collaboration is designed to allow shippers to set up a physical network of carriers and 3PLs to participate in a rate negotiation. Shippers can then use the system to communicate to the carriers a wide variety of transport-related information, including destinations, volumes, frequency, service requirements, equipment tradeoffs, and seasonal variations. i2 Transportation Bid Collaboration provides the tools necessary to negotiate accurate and competitive transportation rates using combined bid optimization. Capabilities of i2 Transportation Bid Collaboration can include: Graphical representation of historical demand, customizable by mode and carrier Support for ocean, truckload (TL), and less-than-truckload (LTL) modes Web-based workflow for communication with carriers Exception management and data validation What-if analysis of service and cost tradeoffs or carrier rationalization Identifies lowest freight spend that can satisfy projected demand FreightMatrix -hosted service option Benefits of i2 Transportation Bid Collaboration can include: Reduce overall network transportation cost Improve carrier relations Rationalize carrier base Conclusion I have seen that in supply chain system transportation is very important from supplier to supplier to the customers customer and without a proper transportation network no company can increase there profit margin. There are four modes of transportation that includes Air, Road, Sea, Rail and one is the pipeline system which uses for oils. Government must take steps for improving transportation system for the companies so they can reach to there customers, not only this the expenses which government can control like fuel prices, duties on import and export must controlled properly so the companies can come close to each other for importing and exporting there goods. Keeping in mind about the Air transportation which is expensive if government reduce tax rate companies will more focus on air transportation system, and if proper roads or highways and tracks for rail transportation being constructed with proper technology and security it will give a good boom to the transportation system in Supply Chain Network.

Artificial Insemination in Swine

Artificial Insemination in Swine Introduction The use of artificial insemination (AI) increased in these last years because it offers several advantages over natural mating. New genetics can be introduced into a herd with decreased health risks. The semen that is collected from the boar can be diluted in a semen extender and with one ejaculation multiple insemination doses can be created and can be used to breed several sows and gilts. This allows more extensive use of genetically superior boars, increasing the rate of genetic improvement within a herd. On farms employing artificial insemination few boars are needed, and as a consequence, feed, labour and housing costs are reduced. The major processes of AI are: semen collection, evaluation, and processing; detection of oestrus; and insemination. Reproductive physiology of female swine For successful artificial insemination, heat detection of the female swine is very important. Oestrus begins with the pituitary gland, which is a gland situated just below the brain. The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream such as the luteinizing hormone (LH) and the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which are called gonadotropins. In immature gilts gonadotropin secretion is low, but at 6 to 8 months of age, when there is the 1st oestrus it increases dramatically. During the 2 to 3 day period just prior to oestrus, the increase of LH and FSH cause the follicles on each of the two ovaries to grow rapidly. The follicles secrete increased levels of estradiol, which is a hormone into the blood that causes changes in behaviour and physiology of the animal. These changes are associated with the oestrus. Each follicle contains an ovum. When the ovum is released and fertilised by a sperm cell, it develops into an embryo. The increase of estradiol concentration in the blood reaches a threshold which triggers a large release of LH from the pituitary gland around the onset of oestrus. The release of ova from the follicles into the oviducts is stimulated by the LH. On average, ovulation occurs 40 hours after the onset of oestrus. Fertilization of the ova by the sperm cells occurs in the oviducts, the tubes between the ovaries and the horns of the uterus, and then the fertilised egg moves to the uterus. The sites on the ovaries from which ova are released, then form structures that are called corpora lutea. These corpora lutea secrete the hormone progesterone into the blood. During the luteal phase of the oestrus cycle, which is approximately between day 4 and day 16, progesterone inhibits the secretion of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland, inhibiting follicular growth. When the ova are not fertilised during oestrus or embryos do not implant in the uterus, around day 16, the uterus starts t secrete the hormone prostaglandin-F2o into the blood. This hormone causes the falling off or death of the corpora lutea. This causes the progesterone level to decline and this allows the increase of LH and FSH levels, follicle growth, and the return of oestrus. In a female swine, oestrus occurs every 18 to 22 days, unless the cycle is interrupted by pregnancy, lactation, poor nutrition, disease, etc. If fertilisation occurs and pregnancy is initiated, the prostaglandin-F2o is not released in the blood stream. The corpora lutea are maintained and secrete high levels of progesterone into the blood stream throughout gestation. Progesterone is essential in pregnancy, as it inhibits follicular growth and uterine contractions. Around day 114 of gestation, the uterus releases a large amount of prostaglandin-F2o into the blood, and this causes the corpora lutea to regress. The progesterone level is then decreased, uterine contractions commence and the foetuses are expelled. During lactation, when the pigs are sucking from the sow, LH and FSH are not secreted. When the suckling are weaned, a stimulus allows the secretion of gonadotropin to increase and the follicles grow rapidly and there is the corresponding rise in the circulating levels of estradiol. The sows return in oestrus in seven days after weaning and estradiol elicits the surge of LH, causing ovulation. Detecting oestrus The detection of oestrus is very important for successful artificial insemination. The oestrus duration is variable, but the average is 38 hours in gilts and 53 hours for sows. With the high concentrations of estradiol several sign can show that the sow or gilt is approaching or is in oestrus. These signs are: a red, swollen vulva and enlarged clitoris, mucous discharge from the vulva, nervous and restless behaviour, moving back and forth along pen partitions, frequent urination, increased vocalisation, decreased appetite, mounting other females and/or standing to be mounted by other females, elevation of ears, locking knees, and elevating the back. The best indicator that female swine are in oestrus and ready to be mated is the immobilisation response. When in oestrus they exhibit the immobilisation response as a reaction to a combination of visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile stimuli originating from the boar. It is important to put a mature boar in contact with the female swine that are being checked for oestrus. The females should be checked at least twice a day, with 12 hours interval in between for more accurate determinations. When checking for oestrus, the female should be exposed to a boar for several minutes and observed closely for several signs. If the female re checked in the morning, this should be done before or at least one hour after feeding. Considerable energy expenditure is required for maintaining the immobilization response. If a gilt or sow that is in oestrus becomes fatigued, it may become unresponsive to boar exposure and not resume an immobilisation response for several hours. During periods when not checking for oestrus, the boar should be kept away from the females, because this greatly increases the likelihood that sows and gilts in oestrus will display the immobilisation response when exposed to the boar during the oestrus check. The boar exposure during oestrus checking should be restricted to small group of females. When the sows and gilts are housed in crates, a boar should be moved in the front of the females, while a second herdsman applies back pressure. If the female is in oestrus it move forward and assume immobilisation response and when pressure is applied to the back it will push back. This is an effective method of detecting oestrus. Inseminating females Disposable AI equipment should be used and catheters should only be used ones, so different equipment is used on different female swine to protect plant health. Before inseminating, the vulva should be cleaned with a paper towel and the tip of the catheter should be coated with a non-spermicidal lubricant. The lips of the vulva should be spread and the breeding catheter inserted. The catheter should be angled slightly upwards while moved through the reproductive tract. This helps prevent entry into the urethra, which is the tube leading to the bladder. After wards the catheter should be slid gently through the vagina until the operator feels resistance. The resistance indicates that the catheter has reached the cervix. With a spirette-type catheter the instrument should be turned counter-clockwise until it locks into the cervix. Then to remove the spirette, it should be turned clockwise while gently pulled outwards. With a foam-tipped catheter, firm forward pressure should be applied to the catheter until the bulbous tip is locked into the cervix, and to remove the bulbous catheter tip, it should be pulled outwards gently. After the semen and extender is mixed gently, the semen bottle, tube, or bag should be connected to the open end of the catheter. The semen is dispensed by gently squeezing the container over a three to five minute period, taking care to avoid excessive back flow of the extended semen out of the vulva. The tip of the catheter may be blocked against cervical tissues occasionally, blocking the flow of the semen, and if this happens the catheter should be repositioned by turning it. The insemination is easier if the female swine is exhibiting the immobilisation response, although it is not necessary. If a boar is placed in an adjacent pen, it can facilitate AI, but on the other hand, immobilisation response requires considerable energy expenditure and the female may become fatigued. When there is a large number of sows to be bred, some of them may become refractory to the boar stimuli prior to artificial insemination. When the boar is present during artificial insemination, the sows pituitary gland releases oxytocin into the bloodstream, which a protein hormone. It stimulates muscles contractions of the uterus and oviducts, and these contractions cause the semen to be drawn into the reproductive tract during AI. This is also known as self insemination. If the AI technician applies firm back pressure and rubs the flank or udder of the sow during insemination, he will facilitate the self insemination. Timing of insemination Accurate oestrus detection is the success of artificial insemination. Timing of insemination is normally based on the time when oestrus is first detected. Insemination should be done prior to ovulation, i.e. maximum 24 hours before ovulation in sows and maximum of 12 hours before ovulation in gilts. Inseminating twice during oestrus increases the likelihood that one will occur during the optimum time. If female swine are in standing heat for 3 days, a third mating should be beneficial. The females that are not in oestrus should not be inseminated because reproductive performance will be adversely affected.

Good God Essay -- essays research papers

Good God When one walks through the streets of humanity, one must choose their destiny. Is it to believe in God, or to become conservative and choose not to believe? Well, the people of the world should all just creep within their minds, and choose not to follow the Messiah onto the deceptive fields of love. These people become sicken with doubt, and unleashing them are quite easy. But the world may never know, for the fools that are blinded with salvation still wander in oblivion. Objection number one is that, can one actually prove the â€Å"existence† of God? How can one experience divinity, without experiencing death first? No men on this earth can! Not the Pope, Saint Anselm, nor William Paley, who actually tired to prove the existence of God. William Paley once said , â€Å"If a man wandered upon a hill, and discovered a watch; who would question the fact, that the watch was created by a designer?† It's possible that the statement is true, but a watch can't be compared to a universe's creation. Paley would later say that the world must have a designer, meaning a God. The watch of coarse must of been created by a designer, but the world is totally different. It's more like a carpenter building a house or building. People can relate more to a building than a universe, cause it's possible that one can experience living within a house. It's not possible for anyone to live among the outside world, and think that God created everything. This only proves Paley's downfall, and ideas ... Good God Essay -- essays research papers Good God When one walks through the streets of humanity, one must choose their destiny. Is it to believe in God, or to become conservative and choose not to believe? Well, the people of the world should all just creep within their minds, and choose not to follow the Messiah onto the deceptive fields of love. These people become sicken with doubt, and unleashing them are quite easy. But the world may never know, for the fools that are blinded with salvation still wander in oblivion. Objection number one is that, can one actually prove the â€Å"existence† of God? How can one experience divinity, without experiencing death first? No men on this earth can! Not the Pope, Saint Anselm, nor William Paley, who actually tired to prove the existence of God. William Paley once said , â€Å"If a man wandered upon a hill, and discovered a watch; who would question the fact, that the watch was created by a designer?† It's possible that the statement is true, but a watch can't be compared to a universe's creation. Paley would later say that the world must have a designer, meaning a God. The watch of coarse must of been created by a designer, but the world is totally different. It's more like a carpenter building a house or building. People can relate more to a building than a universe, cause it's possible that one can experience living within a house. It's not possible for anyone to live among the outside world, and think that God created everything. This only proves Paley's downfall, and ideas ...

The Grifters :: English Literature Essays

The Grifters Symbolism in The Grifters The Novel and Film of The Grifters had many uses of symbolism, supporting the theme of sexual corruption, and the fall of the three main characters’ craft of the grift. In the novel, symbolism was tougher to pick out. However, the descriptions of the characters created symbolic visualizations of their personalities and human nature. The film had more obvious uses of symbolism through the choice of women’s clothes, the character’s actions, and their language. In the film, symbolism was everywhere. In the beginning of the film, the pictures of the city were in black and white and dull shades, giving the city a gloomy look. The camera angles made the cars in the city appear tiny, and the buildings appear very large to symbolize how small everything was amongst the city. The interiors of the office buildings and the panic symbolized that there was no way out. The soundtrack of the film was symbolic to the tension of the film. The darkness of visual composition of the lighting in the film, symbolized the darkness of the human nature in the story. Roy’s character as a conman is revealed early in the story when he was puking after the blow to his stomach due to an unsuccessful con job. In the novel, he told the cop that he was just sick; symbolizing that he was a manipulator, and was used to lying. In the beginning of the film, Roy answered to the cop with, â€Å"some bad shrimp†¦,† which was extremely ironic to me because it symbolized that something was a bit fishy about Roy’s character. In the film, Roy hid his money behind clown paintings, which symbolized the joke of his grift. The irony was that he took his grift so seriously. In establishing Lilly’s character, the author of the novel used the line, â€Å"Roy danced around her in helpless rage,† which to me symbolizes her dominance. Moira was compared to a â€Å"kitty† early on in the novel, which symbolized her feistiness. The film showed the hotel elevator descending to symbolize Moira going to Hell. At the close of the story in both the novel and the film, Lily wore Moira’s red dress after killing her; symbolizing the blood of both their deaths. The women themselves were symbols of excitement empowered by their sexuality. A minor character in the film and a more prominent character in the novel was Nurse Carol.

Bartleby, the Scrivener Essay

The nameless narrator of the story starts off by introducing Bartleby to the readers as â€Å"strange†: But I waive the biographies of all other scriveners for a few passages in the life of Bartleby, who was a scrivener the strangest I ever saw or heard of (Melville 546). Throughout the entire story, the lawyer will go through numerous thought processes where he tries to reflect and explain why Bartleby is the way that he is but the lawyer never succeeds. We see that the narrator judges Bartleby not based on his limited knowledge of him but exactly because he knows nothing of Bartleby. He is strange because the narrator has never met anyone quite like him – bizarre, unyielding and utterly devoid of human emotions. He tries to pre-empt any true understanding Bartleby by justifying this young man’s strange behavior to himself. Perhaps this is because of the frustration of many attempts to try and reach out to the pale scrivener that ended up dismissed by an answer of â€Å"I prefer not to do so†. In the end, he just lets everything go with a rumor and a prayer. In the narrator’s first encounter with Bartleby, he would describe his impression is that of a true gentleman. In his mind, the narrator would compare the new copyist-to-be to the two presently employed copyists, Turkey and Nippers. In direct contrast to the two very colorful and volatile individuals, Bartleby was something novel. He was quiet, neat, and for some reason, he is described in their first meeting as forlorn. In answer to my advertisement, a motionless young man one morning, stood upon my office threshold, the door being open, for it was summer. I can see that figure now–pallidly neat, pitiably respectable, incurably forlorn! It was Bartleby (Melville 549). That Bartleby should be â€Å"motionless† further indicates Bartleby’s remove from the sphere of common humanity–in contrast to the activity and emotions of the lawyer and his employees, Bartleby is still, lacking in vitality and emotion, thing-like. He is not a â€Å"who,† but rather a â€Å"what† left like a basket on the lawyer’s doorstep. His motionlessness and thing-like nature is reinforced by the passivity of the construction â€Å"it was Bartleby.† (Weinstock) Although Bartleby’s manner suggests unhappiness or discontent, he never actually expresses any emotion in the entire story (Napierkowski). This character trait was merely attributed to him by the lawyer. Perhaps the narrator associates happiness with excitement and emotional outbursts that were characteristic of Turkey and Nippers. Some commentaries seem to suggest this. Throughout the whole story, the narrator’s impressions of Bartleby would be very eclectic. At first, the lawyer was impressed with how Bartleby worked so quickly without being distracted. The boy would work long hours and never have any need for breaks even for dinner. At this point, there was no reason for alarm. Bartleby did as he was told without any complaints. He was like a mechanized copy machine in an era where people had to copy their own documents manually. This was very advantageous in the lawyer’s line of work. However, in time the lawyer would be anxious about the bleakness and inhumanness of how Bartleby did his work. He was bankrupt of any emotions – never smiling – never engaging in conversation with his co-workers. At first Bartleby did an extraordinary quantity of writing. As if long famishing for something to copy, he seemed to gorge himself on my documents. There was no pause for digestion. He ran a day and night line, copying by sun-light and by candle-light. I should have been quite delighted with his application, had be been cheerfully industrious. But he wrote on silently, palely, mechanically (Melville 550). The conflict would arise the first time Bartleby refuses to check the documents he made for errors. This came as a shock to the lawyer because he was always with the understanding that he was the employer and Bartleby was the employee and as such, Bartleby had to follow his every bidding with regards to his official duties. Apparently, for the old lawyer, this behavior was unheard of for employees in his line of work. I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed; his gray eye dimly calm. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his manner; in other words, had there been any thing ordinarily human about him, doubtless I should have violently dismissed him from the premises. But as it was, I should have as soon thought of turning my pale plaster-of-paris bust of Cicero out of doors. I stood gazing at him awhile, as he went on with his own writing, and then reseated myself at my desk. This is very strange, thought I (Melville 550). The narrator thought that any other time and with any other person, he would have been outraged. But Bartleby’s passivity and serenity caught him off guard. Again, he would describe Bartleby as someone who was not ordinary. From his first refusal, the lawyer has placed Bartleby outside the realm of human possibilities. By his own admission, our narrator, a man of â€Å"virtuous expediency,† has been â€Å"strangely disarmed,† â€Å"touched and disconcerted† (Davis 183). He was confused about what to do with this odd copyist. He decided to just let it go for the moment and let the other two employees work on the examination. Many of these refusals would follow. Bartleby’s disobedience had no hint of resistance or rebellion. His responses were given merely as a matter of fact and this left the lawyer â€Å"unmanned†. Also, these were not mere mechanical or automatic refusals. According to the lawyer, Bartleby seemed to thoughtfully consider the requests before turning them down. †¦ It seemed to me that while I had been addressing him, he carefully revolved every statement that I made; fully comprehended the meaning; could not gainsay the irresistible conclusion; but, at the same time, some paramount consideration prevailed with him to reply as he did (Melville 551). Bartleby apparently had no life outside the office. The only thing he knew was work and he never stopped working. They never saw him out of the office (until he was forced out) and they never asked him why. At this point in time, they were allowing the status quo to remain just as long as no real trouble would ensue. Some days passed, the scrivener being employed upon another lengthy work. His late remarkable conduct led me to regard his way narrowly. I observed that he never went to dinner; indeed that he never went any where. As yet I had never of my personal knowledge known him to be outside of my office. He was a perpetual sentry in the corner (Melville 551). There were several occasions when the lawyer would refer to Bartleby as property or valuable acquisition. As much as he wanted to get rid of the unexplainable employee, he was proving to be an asset. He was predictable, he worked very hard and he never had to stop. This dehumanization does not help him at all to understand the poor boy. This revealed the darker side of the narrator – the human side. As days passed on, I became considerably reconciled to Bartleby. His steadiness, his freedom from all dissipation, his incessant industry (except when he chose to throw himself into a standing revery behind his screen), his great stillness, his unalterableness of demeanor under all circumstances, made him a valuable acquisition (Melville 553). xxx It was rather weak in me I confess, but his manner on this occasion nettled me. Not only did there seem to lurk in it a certain disdain, but his perverseness seemed ungrateful, considering the undeniable good usage and indulgence he had received from me (Melville 555). This is another instance confirming the fact that Bartleby never went anywhere except the office. The lawyer discovered this later when he visited his office one Sunday when all other people were either at church or gathering for the recently concluded elections. He found that Bartleby was making his home in the same place where he worked. At this point, the lawyer felt sorry for Bartleby even if he was far from understanding this enigmatic fellow. Think of it. Of a Sunday, Wall-street is deserted as Petra; and every night of every day it is an emptiness. This building too, which of week-days hums with industry and life, at nightfall echoes with sheer vacancy, and all through Sunday is forlorn. And here Bartleby makes his home; sole spectator of a solitude which he has seen all populous–a sort of innocent and transformed Marius brooding among the ruins of Carthage! (Melville 553) After many other disagreements and stoic refusals, the lawyer would lose his patience with Bartleby and move his business to a different location, leaving Bartleby behind. Later on, Bartleby would turn out to be an inconvenience to the new tenants of the lawyer’s previous office. He would come to Bartleby’s rescue first with compassion by trying to explain to him that he had to leave and that he will be given employment somewhere else. Once again, the lawyer is frustrated by Bartleby’s stubbornness and disinterest in the otherwise attractive proposals of his former employer. The occupants of the office would have Bartleby arrested and locked up in jail. When the lawyer hears about this, he would immediately go to visit Bartleby. The lawyer then asks the jail personnel to be good to Bartleby because he is a good man no matter how strange he may be: The same day I received the note I went to the Tombs, or to speak more properly, the Halls of Justice. Seeking the right officer, I stated the purpose of my call, and was informed that the individual I described was indeed within. I then assured the functionary that Bartleby was a perfectly honest man, and greatly to be compassionated, however unaccountably eccentric (Melville 613). In describing Bartleby, the lawyer is actually revealing more of himself. He is revealing his biases and prejudices. He is revealing his materialism, pride and compassion. He reveals different aspects of his personality while Bartleby displays nothing at all. Some writers describe â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† as a story wracked with Christian symbols and yet it falls short of Messianic value. Indeed, Melville’s story would seem to be a parody of the parable, as we see a self-professed â€Å"saved† Christian attempt the good deeds of the Biblical Samaritan but, ironically, still fall short of Christ’s â€Å"divine† injunction, spiritually hampered by his self-justifying, earthbound prudence. (Doloff 357). The lawyer was a good man who honestly wanted to help Bartleby. The was never unkind to Bartleby even in the times of his gravest impatience. However, it was his earthly prudence that kept bringing him back to rationalizing the situation in terms of how it would benefit him. His feelings for Bartleby undergo several changes in this short story. He would begin with curiosity, followed by amazement, then impatience, compassion, disgust, and finally friendship. This was a story about the limits of human understanding and compassion. That no matter how little the narrator truly knew about Bartleby, it was the fact that they were â€Å"sons of Adam† that created this instant connection and invokes true compassion. In the end, Bartleby was no longer a novelty or an object of fascination. The narrator would refer to him as a â€Å"friend†. Works Cited Melville, Herman. â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener.† Putnam’s monthly magazine of American literature, science and art Volume 2, Issue 11((Nov. 1853)): 546-550; 609-616. â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener.† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 12 Jul 2006, 08:37 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 Aug 2006 . â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener, A Tale of Wall Street: Bartleby.† Short Stories for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. eNotes.com. January 2006. 14 August 2006. . Johnson, Claudia Durst. â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener.† Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2006. Grolier Online. 14 Aug. 2006 . Woodlief, Ann. â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener Web Study Text.† Virginia Commonwealth University. 15 Aug. 2006 . Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, â€Å"Doing Justice to Bartleby,† ATQ (The American Transcendental Quarterly) 17.1 (2003), Questia, 14 Aug. 2006 . Steven Doloff, â€Å"The Prudent Samaritan: Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† as Parody of Christ’s Parable to the Lawyer,† Studies in Short Fiction 34.3 (1997): 357, Questia, 14 Aug. 2006 . Todd F. Davis, â€Å"The Narrator’s Dilemma in â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener†: The Excellently Illustrated Re-statement of a Problem,† Studies in Short Fiction 34.2 (1997): 183, Questia, 14 Aug. 2006 .

Debate for the Constitution

When the U. S. constitution was made it there was a long debate over the ratification of the constitution. There were two sides in the debate, the Federalists, who were supporter of the new constitution, and were better, organized than their opponents, and the Federalists had the support of the most respected men in America, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin. The other side of the debate was the Antifederalists, who opposed ratification; although they weren’t as organized as the Federalists they did have some dedicated supporters. One major argument used by the supporters’ side in the debates over the ratification of the U. S. constitution is that there would be disorder without a strong central government. By 1787, most people were not happy with the articles of confederation. The farmers came to be debtors: and revolts like Shays’ rebellion where happening. The Federalists argued that without a strong central government, more rebellions like Shays’ rebellion would occur. So they looked to the constitution to create a national government capable of maintaining order. According to document 1, in which the Massachusetts sentinel wrote that the United States needed to adopt the constitution to make a more efficient federal government, to help the farmers, and protect the American name and character. Also according to document 3, in which a letter written by George Washington to John Jay, where Washington agreed with Jay that the articles of confederation had to be corrected. Also Washington suggested that America needed a stronger, national government. In the end, the Federalists won but not without strong debates and arguments from the Antifederalists. One major argument used by the supporters’ side in the debates over the ratification of the U. S. Constitution is that there would be disorder without a strong central government. The documents supporting my answer were document 1, and document 3.