APPLIED DATA MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

APPLIED DATA MANAGEMENT - Essay ExampleFocusing on this aspect, the research aims at addressing entropy management problem of S&R Consultants. For rough 30 years, the organisation has grown steadily in home (i.e. Australia) and overseas nation. However, with the increase in business enterprise issues regarding info management frequently becomes a great challenge for the S&R Consultants. In such condition, the use of web content management frame (WCMS) would be beneficial for S&R Consultants. However, as it is a new technology, WCMS is characterised by several non-technical issues, which must be considered before implementing the new technology. Purpose of the interrogation Based on the use of WCMS in S&R Consultants, the research intends to explore how it can be proved beneficial for the organisation. Besides the purpose of trade union movement the research is to generate features and facilities of WCMS, which can fulfil the requirements of S&R, to recommend certain criteria to compare and choose apparent WCMS, to provide recommendations to the board of directors of S&R Consultants about steps required to select and implement WCMS and about website management policies for appropriate integration of website into the business operations. Rationale for Selecting WCMS The rationale for selecting WCMS is that it can allow S&R Consultants to rapidly react with the business situation and to make important materials available on website. Besides, WCMS is much effective in updating latest information without assist of technical experts. In S&R Consultants, WCMS might assist in making different workflows more efficient than before, because it can provide timely issue of contents and also ensure that those contents are satisfactorily revised before publication (The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2008). Target Audience of WCMS In order to ensure that the WCMS is kept relevant, there must be clear idea about the target audience. Target a udience can help to extrapolate the key prerequisites of WCMS system and therefore can support S&R Consultants to make decisions regarding useful contents. Besides, target audience also allow for developing proper investment strategy for development of website (Perriss & et. al., 2006). Since, the website of S&R will be a private website the key audiences will be the existing clients and other prospects who proclivity to obtain services from the organisation. Features and Facilities of WCMS WCMS can provide the following features to S&R Consultants Document Management System WCMS is intended to manage and store internal organisational data and corporate information. It helps in document workflow and interpretation of data. Electronic publishing WCMS tools are developed for supporting online publishing of news and other reports, which are of the essence(p) for key stakeholders. WCMS enable simple workflow and quick publication of contents. E-commerce facility WCMS also authorises e-commerce through enabling online shopping and electronic relationship management for S&R Consultants (Browning & Lowndes, 2001). WCMS provides three core facilities for S&R Consultan

Superman and Paula Brown Essay Example for Free

Superman and Paula Brown EssayIt is also ironic when she promulgates us of her odd friend, Sheldon became a Nazi and borrowed a goose step from the movies, scarcely his uncle Macy was really over in Germany, and Mrs Fein began to grow thin and pale because she heard Macy was a prisoner and then nothing more. Because he was mocking the Nazis when really his uncle was over there as a prisoner. A literary effect that Charles Dickens uses is circumlocution to speed up and slow bolt down the part of the story he is describing. An example of this is when Charles Dickens slows down the scene when he writes The company murmured their compliments.Uncle Pumblechook, sensible of having deserved well of his fellow-creatures, said-quite vivaciously, all things considered-well, Mrs Joe, well do our best endeavours let us have a cut at this same pie. He slows it down by adding parts to the sentence. He then speeds up his text to create a feeling of panic and excitement when Pip fears that he volition be found out, My sister wet out to get it. I heard her steps proceed to the pantry. I saw Mr Pumblechook balance his knife. I saw reawakening appetite in the Roman nostrils of Mr.Wopsle the sentences be sharp and quick. manage Sylvia Plath, Charles Dickens use Irony in this story. An example of his irony could be when he describes the change of dining arrangements on special occasions, We dined on these occasions in the kitchen, and adjourned, for the nuts and oranges and apples, to the parlour which was a change very like Joes change from his working clothes to his Sunday best. I think it is ironic because Pip will be changing himself he will change his opinions on how to act which will help him to mature.Another similarity between the two extracts is the way their parents/guardians get the picture or are perceived by the characters. In Paula Brown the narrator has a strong relationship with her uncle but not with her mother, this is shown when she runs home afte r the happening to a greeting from her uncle Uncle Frank met me at the door. Hows my favourite trooper? he asked and then he swung me so high in the air that my head feed the ceiling. There was a big love in his voice that drowned out the shouting which still echoed in my ears. This affection reassured her of the safety she could find in his love and that they wouldnt convict her like her friends did, but when David Sterling comes to the narrators house and tells her mother at the door that the narrator had pushed Paula into the oil, her mother immediately assumes that she had done it When mother came prickle to the table, her face was sad. Why didnt you tell me? she said, why didnt you tell me that you pushed Paula in the mud and spoiled her new snowsuit? Her mother isnt defending her or protecting her.In enormous expectations Pip has a very strong relationship with Joe but not Mrs Joe. This is because Joe is the only person that really believes in him and protects him from getting hurt, this is why he doesnt tell him, he doesnt want to lose what they have by hurting Joe. This is shown when Pip tells us It was much upon my mind (particularly when I first saw him looking virtually for his file) that I ought to tell Joe the whole truth. Yet I did not, and for the reason that I mistrusted that if I did, he would think me worse than I was.The fear of losing Joes confidence, and of thenceforth sitting in the chimney corner at night staring drearily at my for ever lost companion and friend, tied up my tongue. Pip is not scared that he will be punished, but that he will lose Joes trust and that is why he keeps his secret from them. Pip also entangle as if he had gotten away with it even though he hadnt actually done anything wrong. Also a similarity in the two extracts is that both the children in the story are powerless to their parents views.These extracts have many similarities despite the time difference and the different environment the two children were living in, P.B. living in the American suburbs of Boston, having the freedom to go out and play and being recognised as an adolescent rather than a small adult which is how the niminy-piminys perceived children. Most Victorian adults did not have a very high opinion of children considering the Victorians made up the saying children should be seen and not heard.This is shown in great expectations when Pip is with the soldiers and they are about to go and look for the convicts, the sergeant asks about the convicts Anybody here seen anything of any such game? Everybody, myself excepted, said no, with confidence. Nobody thought of me. They dont think he could mother a useful comment because he is only a child. Another time when this is shown is when Pip tells us I was always treated as if I had insisted on being born Maybe these stories are based on the authors experiences considering Sylvia Plath was American like the narrator and Charles Dickens lived in the Victorian times b ut they arent strong enough factors to rely on.What we do know is that these children realised that they couldnt rely on the safety and security of the adults anymore, they would have to deject looking after themselves and start being more independent. They learned this through the experiences they have had. Amber James Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student pen piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

The occurence of the earthquake Essay Example for Free

The occurence of the earthquake EssayThe occurrence of the earthquake hazard and the highest level of vulnerability is centred upon the economically developing nations. Discuss the truth of this statement and shape recommendations concerning how LEDCs might manage the earthquake hazards. Earthquake hazards atomic number 18 one of the three geological hazards that occur. Earthquakes energise lots of energy that cause destruction on the planet. There are up to 3000 earthquakes per year and about 30 cause serious change. Most of the damage occurs in LEDCs because poor infrastructure and housing is not earthquake proof. The way forward is to manage earthquakes hazards in LEDCs so when they do bang the area is not the likes ofly to suffer lots of damage and loss of life. The earth is made up of many different surface tectonics, some boastful like the Pacific plate and some small like the Nazca plate. Most activity happens are plate boundaries and there are three types of bound aries. Destructive plate boundaries are where one plate the less dense Nazca (sima) is sub ducting chthonic another to a greater extent dense plate, South American (sial). Conservative plate boundaries alone slide place each other and are quite inactive.Earthquakes are very rare here compared to destructive plate boundaries. There is also reconstructive plate boundaries, where plates are pulling apart and sea trenches and ridges appear. When friction builds up between the two plates moving towards each other cause friction to resign and cause an earthquake. LEDC catch highest amount of vulnerability due to the amount of poor infrastructure and poor emergency response. The seismic gap theory helps scientists accurately anticipate where an earthquake is going to occur, however they cannot say when. Istanbul in Turkey is on the 1500 km fault line called the San Antonio.Scientists are able to say that Istanbul will be the next spot because of the accurate prediction of the Izmit B ay Earthquake. It is before Istanbul on the fault line and scientists said it was next in 1998 and in August 1999 their predictions came true. It was a magnitude of 2. 4 and lasted for approximately 45 seconds. Just because Turkey is considered an LEDCs doesnt mean that it has a more likely chance of an earthquake occurring. japan is seen as a MEDC and is a hotspot for earthquakes as it is the meeting point for plates such as the Pacific from the East and the Eurasian from the west.Kobe has an earthquake in 1995 and caused good deal destruction to the area. It caused 4,500 deaths and upto 100,000 people were made homeless. It was seen as the most costly disaster in history because Kobe is a developed urban center and its infrastructure and constructions collapsed in the disaster. 56,000 buildings were undone and many electricity and gas lines were disrupted. It came as a shock when so many buildings collapsed as back in 1981 sassy building regulation were introduced. To invite buildings earthquake proof it is only a couple of percentage of the total cost of the building so it is worth it.However many of the buildings in Kobe are old and the cost of upgrading them would be between $50-100 billion. Mexico is also a hotspot for many earthquakes as it is on the meeting point of the plates. The subduction of the Cocos Plate under the North American plate has created the mountain range in Mexico is also the cause of many eartquakes and volcanoes. Mexico City has a large population of 8. 8 million inhabitats. The city has a riddle as it is built on a lake. The area has been drained, but when an earthquake occurs liquefaction happens and this is where buildings sink in the muddy soil.One building is considered the safest in the world and it is located in New Mexico, Mexico. Torres Major has foundations that are 3 times as deep as the Empire Building at 60m. These steady foundations go into the hard bedrock beneath and absorb the energy from the earthquake. The designer Dr Leonardo Zeevaert when took the project on considered ways in which he could make the building as earthquake proof as possible. Shock absorbers were added to the buildings so that when the earth shock the building would move with it. This was to prevent the building becoming to nonmoving and beening shock to death when a earthquake occurs.Although Mexico City has one of the safetest building much of the rest of the city has no such luck. More than 1,000 private homes deal more attention, but they have no where else to go, so the work cannot take place. There is also severe overcrowding in the city which has caused 32 apartments in the city to be crammed with 450 people. This has caused the problem of families knocking down supporting walls to make the apartments bigger. Knocking down walls has caused the buildings stability to weaken and more chance of collapsing.There is also the problem that there is no building regulations and no education to the local people about how to make homes safer, which should be the governments priority. LEDCs are more likely to suffer building damage because of poor construction and unreliable building materials. In Istanbul, Turkey the country should try and get ready for the earthquake that is predicted to come, however they are not. There has been an increase in the number of buildings both illegal and legal due to the increase of population that are migrating to the capital.50% of the new builds are illegal as the contractors are more concerned about money and profits than safety. It is predicted that if the earthquake happens about 70% of the buildings will be form due to the vibrations. It would be recommended that for places like Turkey, to rigorously enforce building regulations. There should be an improvement in the way buildings are designed such as having deeper foundations or added cross bracing for more stability. The way in which concrete is mixed is also important in helping the structure be sturdier . overall lots of damage has occurred in LEDCs because of lack of money in building better and more earthquake proof buildings. In the future places like Turkey that are bound to have an earthquake should have more inspectors to enforce and insure better housing is built. Although Mexico has built the safest building in the world, they have neglected much of the private houses in which the poorest of people live. If there is an earthquake in the near future Mexico and other LEDC countries will still have the analogous destruction as they did before.

The Benefits of Recycling Essay Example for Free

The Benefits of Recycling EssayRecycling is a vital factor in the future of our beloved home, Earth. If we want to keep our land green, prevent pollution, economise natural resources and save our plants and animals, recycle is a key factor in doing so. Recycling reduces the amount of pollution going into earth. When products are made from judicious material, in that location are more pollutants being released into the air due to the extraction and processing. Using recycled material produces fewer pollutants and is better for the environment (Weber, n. d.). Recycling helps to reduce the amount of garbage being made. This means we are decreasing the size of our landfills. The less garbage going into our landfills, the less garbage we have to burn to ash. (Onsola, 2017). Landfills also create a liquid called leachate which occurs when debris disintegrates in the landfill and leaks through the waste which can pollute the land, groundwater, and waterways (Environment Victoria, 2 013). When recycle, we can lessen the amount of greenhouse gases going into our environment (Knowledgiate Team, 2017). This can create multiple environmental problems. In 2005, Pennsylvania DEP stated that by recycling, it reduced greenhouse gases by 9 million tons of carbon dioxide. By recycling we reduce the need to combust fossil fuels. (Sherman, n.d.). To make sure we want our future generations air to be breathable.Another benefit to recycling is that it creates a sustainable amount of resources. When we recycle, we are turning old, used material into new, usable material. By recycling we save more resources, for example when we use pure(a) materials, it is coming from natural resources. Around 40% of our waste comes from paper. If we recycled our paper instead, we could save millions of trees and also lessen the amount of waste going into our environment. (DLCSRecycling, n.d.).When we cut down trees, it is for fresh pulp which will be used for first-generation paper. Instead we could use recycled paper which can very well be used to make paper which is nevertheless a good quality as the paper made from virgin material (Schenker, 2017). Our future generations will also need these resources, so instead of blow what we have we should recycle.Lastly, another pro to recycling is that it saves wildlife. When we dont recycle we are ruining habitats. For example, when we cut down trees for a paper we are destroying homes of wildlife. By not recycling we are also polluting many homes of animals. Green SC states that more than one million seabirds, 100,000 sea mammals, and 50,000 fur seals die yearly because of malleable litter that we humans put into the water (Lake, 2015). Turtles that eat jellyfish confuse plastic bags for food and then choke and die on them (Tay, 2016). We are messing up the ecological balance of ecosystems. This will also affect our food sources in the future as it may cause the extinction of plants and animals. By doing something as sim ple(a) as recycling, we reduce the need for new material, saving nature from harm (Missimer, n.d.).

Sustainable Living In The 21st Century Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainable Living In The 21st Century Environmental Sciences EssaySustainable maintenance is about a alivenessstyle that surmounts an individuals or societys utilise of world(prenominal) pictorial resources (Ainoa et al. 2009). For sustainable living, we should conduct our lives in bureaus that be consistent with the core principles of sustainability, in natural balance and respectful of military personnelitys symbiotic relationship with the Earths natural ecology and biological cycles (CELL, 2010?). overmuch(prenominal) a living style requires that we grade serious attempts to reduce our speed of light footprint by altering diet, efficacy white plague and transportation methods (Winter, 2007). Brown () has described sustainable living in the 21st century as shifting to a re briskable heartiness-based, reuse/recycle economy with a diversified transport system.It is generally recognized that commandment is the most important ingredient in improving the quality of li fe and for enhancing opportunities for individual victimisation. However, it has altogether recently been realized that education is the decisive f shapeor in addressing the present crisis related to milieual instability. The extent of the world-wide environmental degradation crisis has notwithstanding come into focus because of the double and repeated alarms being raised over the effects of temper falsify. However, addressing the multiple affrights to the sustainability of humanity within the 21st century is an enormous challenge involving educating and re-educating people on a multitude of complex and inter-related concepts. educational activity must jump a dominant role in moving towards sustainable living since it is the single most important factor in improving the quality of life. Science education is essential in achieving social development through environmental aw atomic number 18ness. Education must be the advocate for environmental sustainability being a mora l pledge for all. Moving towards environmental sustainability involves educating communities on the intensity of present environmental degradation and motivating them to reduce their ecological footprint based on acquired knowledge and experience. high education is particularly relevant to solving the crisis of climate channelise (Hales, 2008). It is timely that higher education should focus on science and engineering for the development of new technologies for conservation of piddle and might supplied and teach communities how to live and work sustainably. Specially structured educational programs ar needed. These should be multidisciplinary to cover all aspects that relate to sustainable living, must holistically address the total zilch, urine and carbon footprints of lifestyle choices, and explain how these choices, decisions and behaviours affect natural resources, social candor and economic development. Further, extension programs must act as models for others to foll ow and help communities walk the talk (Crosby et al., 2008).This chapter is an attempt to emphasize the most significant aspects of education associated with moving toward sustainability.What is sustainability?Sustainability has different meanings for different people and has only recently come into sharp focus following concerns on climate change and the consequences for sustainability of humanity. Unfortunately, the climate change literary argument has overshadowed the to a greater extent than(prenominal) important debate on the sustainability of the environment. Over the last cardinal centuries, the environment has been seen as self-sustaining and a resource to be exploited and consumed. Only in recent decades has the environment been declare as being seriously stressed and threatened, and in urgent need for conservation and re propagation.Despite the present far-flung recognition of spheric environmental degradation being caused by human neglect, thither is intense debate on how environmental conservation and regeneration can be getd both now and in the future. This debate is frustrated by a lack of a pragmatic definition of sustainability, particularly in relation to sustainable environmental development.The much quoted Brundtlund make known definition published in 1987 was the first to link sustainable development to social responsibility sustainable development means maintaining the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. However, the needs of the present generation are many and diverse and include food, water, slide fastener and money among others. These needs earn already go throughed the resources on which they depend and so the ability of future generations to meet their needs is already compromised.Following such a loose definition of sustainability, there has been continuing alarm on the disparity of the needs of the rich compared to those of the poor and on what should be sustained and priorities of sustaining. The worldly concern is that present population growth, exotic lifestyles and high-spirited consumption of resources are not sustainable tho to create sustainability remains an elusive objective.It is obvious that there is an urgent need to move towards sustainability based on major changes to the present dominant social and community values. The extreme dedication of communities to consume resources must change to conservation of resources coupled with wealth accumulation changing to wealth distribution to go to in closing the gap between the hand overs and have-nots. Hence, sustainability should be driven by people power.Sustainability also implies changes of attitude and emphasis on perceptions of the meaning of economic growth. This has long been associated with increased trade and industrial development which have produced a downward spiral of increased poverty and progressive environmental degradation. Economic growth has to be measured in terms of meeting the essential needs of humanity without enhancing environmental degradation together with greater equity in the distribution of economic benefits. Social justice is a crucial component of sustainability.Sustainability is primarily dependent on the preservation of the diverse and complex ecosystems which make up the world(a) ecosphere. These fragile systems are under unprecedented stress as a consequence of the relentless demands for cleared s anele for ho use and industry, the change magnitude demands for fossil fuels for energy generation and the burgeoning demand for food from grain crops and for fish from the oceans. It is only because of the comparatively recent alarm bells sounded by the onslaught of climate change that irreversible environmental degradation has been fully recognized and appreciated but alas, not fully understood. In order to emphasize the scale of degradation and its correlativity with human impact, a new jargon has emerged tha t of ecological footprint which is a measure of the ecological capacity of individuals. At present, even the crudest estimates of ecological footprints indicate that the positive nations of the foundation are living beyond their ecological capacity and are thus living on borrowed time.Sustainability inevitably involves government at all levels and requires democratic revitalization to produce sustainable, accountable and equitable stages of capitalism which activate social reforms and promote ecological awareness. there is a common perception that engine room allow solve the sustainability issue but this is a misconception since although technology can assist moving towards sustainability, it is not the unilateral antidote. Further, achieving sustainability is not a quick fix phenomenon but a prolonged and uncertain journey involving dedicated commitment of people and resources. It is already clear that the rate of technological development in mitigating climate change is not consistent with the magnitude of problem. Put simply, to reduce carbon emissions means capturing carbon dioxide and diverting it from the atmosphere. These two operations need to be both technologically and economically feasible and require time consuming research coupled with innovative strategies to commercialize new scientific discoveries.Although a tangible definition of sustainability is elusive, it does have many facets all related to sustaining the environment as the top priority. Thus, education for moving toward sustainability also has many facets which are best illustrated by the cluster chart shown in Figure 1 and a brief discussion of each component of this cluster follows.Fig. 1 Cluster diagram to describe the components of education associated with sustainability.Education for sustainable environmentsSustaining humanity in the 21st century depends on sustaining the environment as the top priority so as to preserve its resources. In bare(a) terms, preserving these res ources means that sustainable consumable yields are provided but that the consumption rate does not exceed the regeneration rate. Similarly, non-renewable resources must be preserved which means that the consumption rate is balanced by the outturn rate of renewable resources. In conjunction with these balancing strategies, it is necessary to ensure that waste generation does not exceed the assimilation rate of the environment. Clearly the present crisis of acute and widespread environmental degradation is the result of these three factors being ignored over many decades.The environment in all its dimensions is degrading globally. Atmospheric pollution has been of major concern for many decades but has now reached new heights of concern following the widespread concern on the effects of climate change. The main cause of climate change is believed to be cod to the excessive build up of carbon dioxide in the lower atmosphere caused primarily by the excessive combustion of fossil fuel s for the production of energy. However, carbon dioxide is not the only known greenhouse gas, methane is also a potent heat storage gas along with water vapor. This fact alone is sufficient for much complacency within the climate change debate and poses additional challenges for climate change educators. Whether or not climate change is a reality is irrelevant in the context of environmental sustainability since all factors which disconcert the equilibrium of the environment which has been established over millennia have to be considered and addressed.Loss of biodiversity from the grime arises largely from habitat loss and fragmentation produced by overuse of land for development, forestry and kitchen-gardening. This is blatant conversion of natural capital to investment capital and although there has been widespread condemnation of destruction of the rain-forests of the world for decades, the realities of such devastation are only now becoming fully apparent as are the effects o f intensive agriculture which reduces soil quality at alarming rates. It is ironic that forests exert biodiversity, preserve water and soil quality, provide a wide variety of products and, above all, produce atmospheric oxygen by photosynthesis and yet these provisions alleviate have no tangible market value as compared with the economic benefits of logging and land clearing which directly increase atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Such are the challenges for sustainability education, since the mind-sets of developers and economists clearly have to change and natural resources need to be priced sufficiently high to ensure their preservation.Similarly, water resources globally are at crisis point. freshwater is essential for human life but at best, it is less than 5% of the global resource. Excessive use of freshwater supplies for irrigation has markedly affected the substantiallyness of river systems mainly by reduce rise rates which in turn places stress on wetland systems. Further, natural flooding of river flood plains has been curtailed by the construction of dams and weirs which further pick up river flow rates and hence place severe stress on vital river ecosystem resources. It is again ironic that many of these aquatic ecosystems have been studied in detail over several decades but it is only comparatively recently that inter-dependence of these ecosystems has been appreciated and value of biodiversity as a realistic measure of environmental health realized. Further, the marine environment is also undergoing rapid degradation which is most apparent from the decline in the number of fish species as a result of over- fishing with the advent of trawl technology and unsustainable fishing practices. Although the recent increase in success of aquaculture has and will continue to address this imbalance, it is clear that more severe international statutory controls on fishing are necessitate together with the implementation of sustainable fi shing practices- both of which depend on international agreements and treaties which are unwieldy to achieve and implement.Education for sustainable economiesThe supreme challenge for sustainable living in the 21st century is to curb excessive consumption in the developed world whilst raising living standards in the developing world without a net increase in consumption of natural resources and environmental impact. Historically, living standards have correlative with economic growth and environmental degradation, and so moving towards sustainable living is at best challenging and at worst, impossible. Again, education is required to change the mindset on what constitutes a sustainable economy, firstly by understanding why present national economies are not sustainable.Contemporary economic science is based on economic growth and efficient allocation of resources, and multiple strategies are put in place to achieve pre-determined economic objectives upon which the wealth of nati ons is based. Conversely, the so-called new political economy or ecological economics is based on sustainable growth and fair and efficient distribution of resources. The first time that the latter became a reality rather than a theory was at the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change summit when developing world nations argued very convincingly that the developed world should financially assist the developing world in reducing global green house gas emissions. The failure of the summit to reach a unilateral agreement on greenhouse gas emissions was largely due to a lack of agreement on the basic principle of wealth distribution which underwrites ecological economics.Conventional economics puts a price on natural resources such as fossil fuels, minerals, water and foodstuffs and these are regarded as the main drivers of national economies. However, equally important natural resources such as national parks, marine parks, wetlands, coral reefs, mangrove swamps and many others are regarded as economic externalities which need not be priced and therefore are ripe for exploitation, particularly through tourism. Ecological economics is based on realistic pricing of all natural resources which are subject to consumption by humans, either directly or indirectly and in addition, is committed to the belief that sustainable economics is based on a unilateral greening of industry such that manufacturing processes are energy and waste efficient, consume less resources and provide wise, safe working environments. Ecological economics is the fundamental platform of the emerging carbon economy. However, it is already evident that there is much opposition to a carbon tax and skepticism of the hard-hittingness of carbon emission trading schemes in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, so public education on the basic science and economics underpinning these schemes is obviously urgently required.Education for sustainable communitiesThere is no doubt that the overwhelming threat to sust ainability of humanity in the 21st century is that the present global population of about 6.8 billion is consuming 40% more resources that the Earth is producing per annum and so with a projected global population of 9 billion by 2050, 5.4 Earths worth of resources will be required to achieve human sustainability. Even to move towards sustainability on such a scale obviously requires a massive psyche change of humanity and extreme urgency in the implementation of sustainable living practices.Building sustainable communities essentially involves people power but communities require educating in order to develop the knowledge, values and skills required for informed decision-making that will improve quality of life now without damaging the environment in the future. Achieving sustainable living is a journey of indefinite distance but with a clearly defined destination. It is a journey interpreted both by individuals and by communities simultaneously to the benefit of all. The foundat ion of sustainable communities is the development of sustainability literacy within communities which involves an understanding of the present imbalance between consumption and regeneration of essential natural resources energy, water and food. It is somewhat ironic and humbling to witness that the innate communities of the world have been far more sustainability literate over the last two centuries than the so-called modern communities over the last two decades.Sustainable communities are resilient communities which have changed life-style behavior and habits which depend on excessive consumerism to those which embrace waste reduction, reuse and recycle strategies all of which harmonize living standards with environmental demands. These changes take time to implement but result in community social well-being, strong economies and flourishing environments, the benefits of which become obvious to all.Sustainable communities vary enormously with respect to size and character but tr aditionally form two groups urban and rural. In the past, it has been much more difficult to sustain rural communities due largely to the one-way migration from country to town/city to obtain employment. However, this trend can be at least partially reversed with the wider implementation of eco-development which has been prudent for the so-called new urbanism philosophy but is only just becoming apparent in rural and regional centre infrastructure planning. Eco-development is based on a clean, green living philosophy which incorporates consumption of renewable energies, conservation of water and living off the land using smart ways to grow food. Sustainable literacy only becomes effective when communities understand and appreciate that sustainable living not only gives rise to better, healthier lifestyles but also is cost effective both in the short and long terms. By virtue of their sustainable life-styles, sustainable communities are resilient to the effects of climate change an d are well suited to benefit from future carbon-based economies.Education for sustainable energy suppliesSustaining humanity in the 21st century requires sustaining energy resources and supplies which creates the dilemma which has become known as the global energy crisis. Coal, oil and natural gas combined provide about 80% of global energy needs mainly in the form of electricity and transport fuels but at the same time produce the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions which are believed to be responsible for global warming. It is estimated that global energy demand could jump by 50% by 2030, consistent with a global population increase of 1.5 billion over the adjoining two decades and this translates to a global warming estimate of the order of 6oC if fossil fuels continue to be the primary quill energy resource. An increase of 6oC corresponds to about 3 times the global warming which has occurred over the last century and would have catastrophic environmental, economic and social eff ects. It is this type of horror scenario which is driving the so-called global energy vicissitude which dictates that there has to be a move away from fossil fuels as the primary energy resource towards the use of clean green renewable energy resources. These are receiving increasing attention but all have significant technological, development, economic and ethical problems associated with them. The dilemma is that at present, all known renewable energy resources combined including nuclear, solar, wind and biofuels account for less than 10% of global energy requirements and although considerable technological advances are occurring with respect to the commercial development of renewable energy resources, this situation is unlikely to change significantly within the next decade. Similarly, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from existing coal-fired power move, collectively known as clean coal technology, are at least 10 -15 years away from commercial reality. It is conserv atively estimated that fossil fuels will remain as the primary global energy resource for at least the next 30 50 years and that phasing out of existing coal-fired power stations will take at least 10 15 years. Thus, the energy crisis is essentially how are sustainable energy supplies to be provided exclusively from renewable energy resources over the next one-half century?Although, it is generally agreed that the transition to renewable energy resources is inevitable, the time scale for such a transition is very unclear since there are not only major technological problems to be overcome but also major social and economic issues to be addressed along the way which involve significant educational strategies to be unilaterally implemented. Given that it is already abundantly clear that we live by an energy economy it is unlikely that the superfluous costs associated with abatement of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion coupled with the costs of developing alternat ives to fossil fuels will be readily true by communities, given that the present escalating costs of electricity and transport fuels are a source of despair globally.Then there are ethical issues to be resolved in the transition to clean energy resources. It has been extensively argued that nuclear power is the only realistic alternative to coal and oil as a primary energy resource but the general population is very concerned about the degree of fail-safe operation of nuclear power stations and is very concerned about safe disposal of nuclear waste. Similarly, biofuels which rely on food crops such as corn products as the primary energy resource are competing with the desperate need to increase grain production globally to address malnutrition in some 23% of the global population.It is clear that the global energy revolution will only succeed if viable education strategies are introduced and for sale to the general population which address the widespread lack of understanding of c limate change and, in particular, its causes and also address the pros and cons of renewable energy resources. The immediate future has to involve a blend of old and new energy generation technologies coupled with a widespread recognition that energy has to be conserved and not wasted. It is practical education programs which will promote this ethic at all levels within communities.Education for sustainable water suppliesSustainable living also means having access to sustainable water supplies. At present, it is estimated that some 15% of the global population do not have access to safe water and the majority of these are in developing countries. It is well-known that many of the life threatening diseases, so common in the developing world, are spread by drinking contaminated water. Further, it is estimated that agricultural irrigation consumes some 65% of global freshwater supplies and already many countries and regions are experiencing water scarcity at alarming levels due to prol onged periods of drought. Droughts are predicted to become more prolonged as a result of the consequences of climate change and so demand for freshwater will inevitably rise predicted to be by some 30% over the next two decades and thus it is clear that urgent strategies are necessary to educate communities to use less water more efficiently.Unfortunately, increase in freshwater use is driven by numerous factors which are difficult to assess and control. These factors include population increase and distribution, lifestyles, economies and, most particularly, by increasing demands for food which drives increases in irrigated agriculture. There is also a political factor which influences freshwater usage in that many of the worlds major freshwater resources are treatd since major rivers often flow through several countries. For example, the Danube passes through 12 countries that use its water and the Nile flows through 9 countries which are totally dependent on its waters. Agreemen t between countries that share freshwater resources can be difficult to achieve and sustain but are generally associated with demands for more effective water usage and strict worry programs.Since freshwater is such a valuable resource, water pricing is a highly contentious issue at all levels domestic, industrial and agricultural. Agriculture is cogitate directly to food production and hence farmers believe that they have the decently to sufficient water to produce sufficient crops to provide a sustainable income for themselves and their families. some governments however believe that such water rights should be controlled by license in view of the scarcity of the commodity and this explains the conflict that is evident between primary producers and water licensing authorities. It is inevitable that sustainable agriculture depends on a major reduction in water used for irrigation by progressive use of drip-irrigation technology in conjunction with installation of ameliorate d rainage and recycling systems. Also, during the so-called parking lot Revolution of the 1960s, new strains of many species of crops resulted in large increases in productiveness and this technology is now focused on strains of grain crops which require less irrigation.At the industrial level and as a major part of industrial greening strategies, industry is adopting water recycling initiatives which may include partial treatment of waste water. These initiatives are complementary to the energy consumption reduction strategies and are consistent with the 3Rs of clean, green industry reuse, recycle, reduce.At the domestic level, a user pays system is usually applied to water consumption and during periods of drought, restrictions are placed on water usage which are enforced by water management authorities. It is becoming increasingly apparent that due to the escalating cost of water, communities and individuals are becoming more aware of the need for water conservation and are takin g appropriate steps to initiate the 3R rule both individually and collectively.These initiatives include the installation of water tanks in homes to collect rain water and the recycling of non-sewage waste water for external use. No longer can it be taken for granted that the right to water means simply turning a tap on.Education for sustainable food suppliesFood security, in conjunction with sustainable energy and water supplies, are the essential components of sustaining humanity. At present, food security is not a reality since at least 15% of the global population is undernourished and with a projected surging population increase, it is a daunting challenge to reduce world hunger, especially since this is directly linked with poverty and exacerbated by global warming.The Green Revolution, which partially achieved food security over the period 1960 to mid-1980, was the dawn of intensive agriculture which has resulted in serious environmental problems. Widespread deep tilling of l and together with excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides coupled with intensive irrigation has caused degradation of soil quality and texture in addition to dry land salinity. The additional threat of climate change will inevitably further threaten the achievement of food security in coming decades unless urgent steps are taken now to move towards sustainable agriculture.Science, technology and innovation are essential drivers of sustainable agriculture and hence food security. Improved mechanization of agriculture using efficient harvesting machines which reduce soil compaction are already increasing productivity and use of geographical positioning system (GPS) technology to monitoring device and control the position of such machinery enables precisely measured amounts of seed, fertilizer and pesticides in addition to the determination of soil and plant quality, which enables early detection of diseases. Further, development of improved crop varieties and marker assisted plan t breeding combine to reduce losses due to pests and diseases. These biotechnologies lead to strains which are tolerant of drought, heat and saline conditions in addition to improved pest and disease resistance. Further, drip irrigation coupled with micro-nutrient addition is becoming increasingly effective in increasing production of staple crops such as sweet potato.In the interest to find alternative, clean, green energy resources, bio-fuels have come into prominence. Biofuels are currently produced from starch, sugar cane, wheat, maize and palm oil. Biofuel production is currently somewhat controversial since the required raw material is derived from land that should be used for food production. In addition, sugar cane and palm oil plantations contribute to deforestation of tropical rain forests. Second generation biofuels are currently being investigated which use crop residues, grasses and willows as base materials and these have much promise as future commercial biofuels and are free of the food related controversies.The last decade has seen massive exploitation of marine resources in the quest to achieve food security. The application of modern technology to commercialization of fishing operations has led to a global overfishing crisis such that sustainable fisheries thresholds have been exceeded. more of the coastal commercial fisheries have collapsed as a result of declining catches and the global industry is facing further threats from seawater warming and increasing acidification caused by climate change. Thus, the seafood industry is not sustainable. The solution involves harvesting methods that capture fish selectively and within specified limits so as to allow regeneration. However, such strategies are difficult to implement on an international scale.Aquaculture is becoming increasingly important in addressing the challenge of food security. Total fish capture in 2010 amounted to some one hundred forty-five million tonnes of which aquaculture contributed 54 million tonnes representing an increase of some 20 million tonnes compared to a decade ago. Aquaculture meets at least three objectives provides seafood and hence income for coastal communities, reduces fishing pressure on wild populations and maintains fish supply to sustain commercial, subsistence and recreational demands. Aquaculture can be sustainable provided that quality seawater, dependable supplies of seed and feed-stocks are available together with application of strategies to ensure disease free hatcheries and grow-out systems. The next generation of aquaculture may involve introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs have already been introduced into agriculture and genetically modified crop strains have been shown to give higher yields with lower fertilizer support. The transgenic animal products are controversial and early attempts to market GMO salmon have faced stiff resistance. However, the potential for GMOs to be a force in combating food shortages is significant and cannot be overlooked.Food security is clearly based on a combination of sustainable agriculture, sustainable fisheries and sustainable aquaculture together with a paradigm shift in the extent to which natural food resources are exploited. Fundamentally, more food has to be produced with less energy, less water, less chemicals and by methods which allow environmental regeneration.Education in sustainability science and technologySustainability science is the science associated wi

Ensuring All Stages Pipelining and Accuracy in PASQUAL

Ensuring All Stages Pipelining and Accuracy in PASQUALNachiket D. MoreAbstractGENOME is term apply for genetic material of organism. It is used to encode desoxyribonucleic acid of organisms, or ribonucleic acid of various kinds of viruses. Ii contains some(pre zero(prenominal)inal) coding and non coding parts of DNA/RNA. Now a days GENOME is constructed for mostly all animals, viruses, and bacterias. These tuition is mostly used in medical research and as well as to predict disease like cancer, HIV and many a nonher(prenominal) more(prenominal).GENOME is consisting of reads, these reads be in truth large in amount to manipulate and also to store and maintains. Sequencing machine produce output of short everyplacelapping substrings, these substring are called reads. The succession concourse reconstructs genome while of these reads. These genome sequences are long and continuous. fictionalisation software for Nest genesis Sequencing (NGS) must be a very accurate, fast and submit a less remembering consumption.PASQUAL is tool used for faster land of NGS GENOME host. For address challenges of NGS assembly, parallel algorithm and compressed data structure are used in PASUQAL. PASQUAL delivers better pep pill of execution, less shop consumption and better solution quality.Keywords Parallel algorithm, parallel suffix array construction, high performance bioinformatics, de novo sequence assembly, shared memory parallelism, DNA sequence, genome assembly.IntroductionThe term genome is used for represent/refer as cellular instruction set. Also it used to refer genetic material of a cell. A genome consist of chromosomes, it can be one or more individual chromosomes. Chromosomes consist of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and for many viruses it consists of ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is made from simple social unit called nucleotides (nt). Nucleotides having four types namely A, C, G, and T. In sequence start and end are denoted by 5 and 3 respectively.Ded ucing the order of nucleotides from cell and encoding it as a string of letters is called a DNA sequencing process. This process cannot read whole sequence continuously, so it breaks DNA molecules into small part, which is used in chemical chemical reaction as templates to produce short sub-sequences called reads. Major problem is a reconstruct the original genome sequence from reads. For these purpose GENOME assembly algorithms are used. A GENOME assembly uses many automated rounds to improvements, but it inspected and edited by specialists. Assembling reads into a long contiguous sequence is called contigs.The genome sequencing is process of reading sequence of animal foot pairs (bp). Organism genome consists of base pairs, which is derived from two stranded of complementary bases. This is a main part to the study of genomes in bioinformatics. Except Whole Genome scattergun (WGS) sequencing machine, no other current sequencing method is capable to read whole sequence in one pas s. De novo assembly not uses any reference sequence aids to reconstruction of original sequence, because of these it is used in PASQUAL.We have to generate a large number of reads in a small amount of time, for these purpose we used a coterminous Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies. Due to these it greatly switch offs the experimental cost per base. It helps to study organism at genome level, to deeply understanding of biological mechanism and genome regulation. Due to sequencing genome rapidly, it helps researchers to study more on evolution of viruses and bacteria. Because, bacteria and viruses can adopt behavior more easily also generate mutation easily at every step of re overlapion.Next Generation Sequencings (NGS)Decoding DNA sequences is essential in all branches of biological research. For these purpose scientist uses the capillary electrophoresis (CE) based Sanger sequencing, scientists able to manifest genetic information for any biological system. Because of these it is adopted by many research laboratories. But it has many limitations like throughout, scalability, speed and resolution to preclude in scientists research study.To reduce from these problem, these is new technology is introduced namely as Nest-Generation Sequencing (NGS), that become a reason for boost in research area in bioinformatics and genomic science. NGS is responsible for major break in path of retrieving information biological system, genome and epigenome of species. This gives an important breakthrough in fields like human disease and agriculture research.The principle behind NGS is sympathetic to CE. CE generates small fragments of DNA. These fragments are sequentially identified from each fragment, which is re-synthesized from DNA template. NGS perform similar work in parallel fashion, which is population of millions of reaction rather than superstar or few DSN fragments. Due to this NGS produces hundreds of gigabases of data in single pass/sequencing run.NGS p erform its operation as a single genomic DNA is first off fragmented into numbers of small segments, which is also know as library of segments. These segments are uniformly and accurately sequenced in millions of parallel reactions. These strings of bases are called as reads. Then these reads are reassembled by tow technique, first is known reference genome called as scaffold (re-sequencing) and second is without any reference genome (de novo sequencing). The output is set of reorient reads represents entire sequence of each chromosome in the gDNA.Fig. Conceptual Overview of Whole-Genome SequencingExtracted gDNA.gDNA is fragmented into a library of small segments that are each sequenced in paralllel.Individual sequence reads are reassembled by aligning to a reference genome.The Wholegenome sequence is derived from the consensus of aligned reads.NGS output is increased as a rate that outpaces Moors law. A single pass can produce up to one gigabase (Gb) of data, at the time of inve ntion i.e. in 2007. At 2011 it reaches up to terabase (Tb) of data in single pass/sequencing run. i.e. almost 1000 increase in four years. Because of this ability of NGS, researchers can move from idea to extensive data sets in few hours or days. Using CE technology sequencing of human genome takes a time around 10 years. But using NGS we can generate five human genomes at a single run. So it reduces the cost of genome projects.In NGS we can tune resolution of genome experiments. It is possible to produce more or less data, also it comport zoom in particular regions of genome with high resolution or view with low resolution but it is more expansive. To do these researchers can tune reportage generated in experiments. This ability gives number of experimental design advantages.Because of various advantages of NGS has permeated in many areas of study. Using NGS, researchers can develop a broad range of act that transformed study designs and determination new information never befo re imaginable.PASQUALPASQUAL can produce large data in assembly process in terms of memory consumption and running time. PASQUAL stands for PArallel SeQUence AssembLer. It uses OpenMP for shared memory parallelism, because of its good working between programmer productivity and performance. PASQUAL uses OLC approach and carry high quality solutions with combination of tailored algorithms.PASQUAL can handle billions of bases. It uses de novo assembly, because of it does not need any reference to produce original sequence. Algorithm constructs biological sequences in parallel by suffix array, and it is good key for parallel performance and memory optimization. Index stage and string graph construction is used for finding overlaps. Misassembles of genome sequence by PASQUAL is significantly less than ny other assemblers.PASQUAL can handle billion of bases in less time, because it uses pipelined stages and compressed data. It has advantages over SOAPdenovo and k-mer like SOAPdenovo is only a tool having comparable speed and k-mer is restricted to smaller length than 128. Rather than PASQUAL produces less errors compared to any other tool.4. Literature Survey4.1 De Novo Genome successiveness AssemblyIn year 2008 to 2012 these are many sequencing techniques are developed, due to these in that location is major drop in cast from 1/100000th to 1/100000th of price. De novo algorithm is inherited from the SOAPdenovo2 framework. De novo sequencing involves sweet genome it requires specific assembly of reads (sequencing reads). It requires unique combination of length, depth of reads also it requires flexible paired-end insert size. Unpatrolled raw read makes confident and efficient production and long contig assemblies. De novo sequencing assembly is preferred for study of non-model organisms, because it is cheaper and easier to construct a genome.The reference-based assembly uses mapping on to reference genome, because of these it has inability to account for incide nts of structural alteration of mRNA transcript. De novo assembly provides marrow to unwrap new and unknown sequence in biological research. Reading of whole sequence at once is limited, de novo methods are irreplaceable. It mostly used to discover new and unknown sequences, which is important in biodiversity in world.4.2 Overlap/Layout/Consensus (OLC) ApproachOverlap Layout Consensus (OLC) method is used in de novo assembly. It has a three steps overlap, layout and consensus respectively. In overlap stage graph is constructed, graph is made up of basic assembly. In layout stage this given graph is compressed. And in the consensus stage upon graph data, genome sequence is determined. These data is generated in previous two stapes.Overlap-In the overlap stage, each and every reads are compared with every other read, and these is perform in both direction forward and reverse complement orientations. It is very time consuming procedure especially in set of large reads.Layout-Finding path in OLC graph in not an easy task, because it has million of nodes and edges, and it very tedious task to find path that visit each node exactly ones. In this stage it OLC assembly graph is simplified, where assembly graph (i.e. segments) are compressed into contigs.Consensus-This is a final stage of OLC approach, at this step assembly graph is trim back to large scaffolds i.e. single scaffold. It start from left most read of each scaffold, OLC algorithm computes consensus of all the reads composing each scaffold. Gaps in the genome may still be presents if the consensus step had insufficient mate-pair or repeat contig information. If an assembly had gaps, it would will in a fragmented genome, composed of multiple scaffolds because the gaps between the scaffolds could not be joined.4.3 Shotgun SequencingSanger DNA sequencing technique work on limited distance in sequencing primer from 30 to 350 nt i.e. read length. Because of chain termination very few product can produce chai n. These work at best ability to sequence maybe 500 bases a day and it is infeasible for human genome which have billions of bases. other approach is, first divide DNA in to smaller fragments which is individually sequenced. Then these fragments are reassembled into original form based on overlaps. This strategy is known as shotgun sequencing, it also known as shotgun copy.In shotgun sequencing, it randomly sheared into small pieces (usually about 1kb) and sub cloned into universal cloning vector. The library of sub fragments is sampled at random, and sequence reads are generated. These reads are assembled into contig. From this procedure complete sequence of clone generated. Shotgun technique can identify gaps (i.e. there is no sequence available) and single standard regions (where there is sequence for only one stand). They are targeted for additional sequencing to produce fill sequenced module.5. Full Stage Pipelining and trueness in PASQUAL5.1 Motivation for this topicWith an e xplosive growth of genome research area and in genome sequencing data, there is huge demand for tool and systems that enables researchers to more efficiently and more effectively work. NGS technology can produce shorter reads as compared to previous sequencing and delivers higher coverage. Coverage means ratio of total length of reds to genome length. Typically NGS generates reads from millions to few billion. This result is depending upon genome size and coverage. Due to high improvements in technologies, data sets to grow larger. As well as assembly become more demanding in time and memory consumption.5.2 Selected areaIn NGS mainly contains DNA and RNA sequencing. I studied research paper for genome sequencing techniques. Genome sequencing techniques changes rapidly and become more and more advance over the period of time. Now a days genome sequencing is not used for research area also in treatments of many diseases.I am choosing full stage pipeline and more accuracy in PASQUAL be cause today many bioinformatics research topics uses genome sequencing, also it used for research topic in biodiversities. I have studied lots of paper where NGS is suggested for genome sequencing. I used full stage pipelining and more accuracy in PASQUAL NGS genome sequencing.6. Problem statementPurpose of these research work is make full stage pipelining and more accuracy in PASQUAL genome sequencing.7. Proposed SolutionThis system is completely new and it has different techniques to make it efficient for genome sequencing. Currently PASQUAL is not offering full all stages pipelining. Also scaffolding and support of paired-end reads uses third-party tools. It has to be improved error correction. Also acceleration in assembly process and reduce memory consumption.8. Work done till TodayStudy of different types of feature PASQUAL.Code for different sequence assembler techniques.Study of different sequencing and assembly algorithms.9. ObjectivesApplying full stage pipelining in all s tages of PASQUAL.Improving error correctionAccelerate the assembly process.Reduce memory consumption.10. ReferencesPASQUAL Parallel Techniques for Next Generation Genome Sequence Assembly by Xing Liu, Student Member, IEEE, Pushkar R. Pande, Henning Meyerhenke, and David A. Bader, Fellow, IEEE.B.H. Bloom, Space/Time Trade-Offs in Hash Coding with Allowable Errors, Comm. ACM, vol. 13, pp. 422-426, 1970.D. Bryant, W. Wong, and T. Mockler, QSRAA Quality-Value Guided de Novo Short Read Assembler, BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 69, 2009.J. Butler, I. MacCallum, M. Kleber, I.A. Shlyakhter, M.K. Belmonte, E.S. Lander, C. Nusbaum, and D.B. Jaffe, ALLPATHS De Novo Assembly of hole-Genome Shotgun Microreads, GenomeResearch, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 810-820, 2008.H. Dinh and S. Rajasekaran, A Memory-Efficient Data Structure Representing Exact-Match Overlap Graphs with Application for Next-Generation DNA Assembly, Bioinformatics, vol. 27, pp. 1901-1907, 2011.J. Dohm, C. Lottaz, T. Borodina, a nd H. Himmelbauer, SHARCGS, A Fast and Highly Accurate Short-Read Assembly Algorithm for de Novo Genomic Sequencing, Genome Research, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 1697-1706, 2007.U. Manber and G. Myers, Suffix Arrays A New Method for OnLine String searches, Proc. First Ann. ACM-SIAM Symp. DiscreteAlgorithms, pp. 319-327, 1990.www.wikipedia.com

Symmetric Vs Asymmetric Algorithms Computer Science Essay

Symmetric Vs A trigonal Algorithms Computer Science Essayselective information integrity, confidentiality and availability over the web, applications and storage means fall in become the major concerns in computer world. If data ar exposed to an attacker, it will throw a signifi sternt impact to business. Cryptography has a major role to play to prevent attacks to sensitive data employing encoding and decryption utensils. There are cardinal main approaches to encryption symmetric and asymmetric, and to each one of them contains its own variety of encryption algorithmic programs. Both types have their advantages and disadvantages as none of them excels at both(prenominal) efficiency and tall security. As illustrated in this paper it is not sufficient abundant to intake a single type of encryption methods in applications. Rapid development of lucre technology and expansion of information around the world, information security has to be balanced with surgical processing ef ficiency requiring hybrid approaches. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each type of cryptogram and proposes in reference to literature integration approaches.Index Terms -encryption, decryption, symmetric algorithm, asymmetric algorithm, public secerns, ciphertext, PGP, GnuPG, hybrid encryption.IntroductionCryptography is the study of the mathematical techniques tie in to aspects of information security such as confidentiality, data integrity, message au whereforetication, and entity authentication (Piper, 2002). Cryptography has galore(postnominal) applications including those in cite solicitude for digital converse (communication equipment, electronic mail and data interchange, access control and audit trails, e-banking), commercial software (software ratification and virus detection).Encryption of electronic messages has been considcred for Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), where contracts and secure orders are signed and delivered electronicall y. alike(p) system has been used by the British banks for Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) for Point Of Sales (POS). For Local Area Networks (L.4Ns) the IEEE 802.10 local area network Security Working Group is currently drafting security standard using public- list techniques for tonality management.Access control to buildings or computers relies on use of passwords or Personal Identification Number (PIN). Passwords are either stored to the computer or are dynamically generated using battery-powered devices ( particulars). In some cases (e.g. in banking) the token is activated by entering a PIN. State-of-the art smart card devices embed personal or payment data which can be decrypted as long as the user enters a password or provides biometric data (e.g. voice, fingerprint, handwritten signature, or scanned picture).In theory of cryptography, the information to be encrypted is called the message and the summons of disguising is cognize as encryption (or enciphering). The enciphere d message is called the ciphertext or cryptogram. The algorithm used for this operation also has a second input known as the enciphering key. The process of achieveing the message from the ciphertext is known as decryption, and, in addition to the ciphertext, the deciphering algorithm needs a deciphering key. The receiver will obtain the correct message, if they use the right deciphering key.An encryption system is said to be symmetric if, for each corresponding pair of enciphering and deciphering keys, it is easy to doctor the deciphering key from the enciphering key. If, on the other hand, it is computationally impossible to determine the deciphering key from the enciphering key, then we have a public key system or, else, an asymmetric system.Symmetric and asymmetric cryptography are almost two different subjects, therefore the algorithms are different, and the key management problems are different. In the sections below we present the main algorithms of each system and a compa rison amidst the algorithms of each system is performed.SYMMETRIC ALGORITHMSIn symmetric algorithms, the sender and receiver of messages and files share the same key for encryption and decryption. Symmetric algorithms have the advantage of not overwhelming too much computing power. The most typical examples are DES, Triple-DES (3DES), IDEA, CAST5, BLOWFISH, TWOFISH.In symmetric algorithms an important aspect of their speciality is the strength of the key encryption or else the size of the key used. Since the same key is used for encryption and decryption, the longer the keys are, the harder to unlock them. Strong versus weak key is one of the typical classification of symmetric algorithms.DES (Data Encryption Standard) was the first symmetric algorithm to be introduced by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in 1974. DES uses one 64-bits key and many attacks have been put down in literature against it and that caused the need to propose 3DES (Triple DES). Triple DES (3DES) uses three 64-bits keys. Therefore, 3DES applies 3 times the core encryption method of DES however this makes it drawn-out than other symmetric algorithms (Nadeem and Javed, 2005).In addition, NIST introduced AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) in 1997 as replacement of DES. AES uses various (128,192,256) bits keys. Yet Brute Force attack was the only effective unlocking mechanism against it trying all character combinations. Bruce Schneiers Blowfish encryption method is even stronger with no effective attack to have been recorded since its release in 1993. Its effectiveness relies on using variable length key (32-448) and 128-bit is its default and a 64-bit stem size although taking the risk of allowing the definition of weak keys (Nadeem and Javed, 2005).Running trick tests, Nadeem and Javed (2005) showed that Blowfish has better performance than other symmetric algorithms and no any security weak points to its record.AES and 3DES showed poor performance since it requ ires to a greater extent processing power. Similar results have been produced in (Elminaam et al, 2009).ASSYMETRIC ALGORITHMSNowadays confidential messages around the world are encrypted and decrypted relying on asymmetric techniques. This is because the key used for encryption and decryption is not the same scarcely rather it relies on a key dispersion mechanism which is called public-private key distribution. Confidential messages are encrypted using the public key and can only be decrypted using the private key. RSA, DSA, ELGAMAL, TLS, PGP are some of the examples of asymmetric algorithms.RSA is one of the well known public key (asymmetric type of) algorithms used for generating digital signatures over messages (Das and Madhavan, 2009). In addition, NIST published the Digital Signature Standard (DSS) in 1991 for generating digital signatures. DSS uses the SHA-1 algorithm for calculating the message digest of the bare(a) message and then applies the DSA (Digital Signature Algor ithm) for creating the digital signature of the message based on the message digest. DSA is only used for performing digital signatures. It cannot be used for encryption and this is the main difference with RSA (Das and Madhavan, 2009). comparison SYMMETRIC AND ASSYMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUESAdvantages and disadvantages of symmetric algorithms are illustrated in the table below (Panda and Kumar, 2011)AdvantagesDisadvantagesSimple method of encryptionAgree a priori a secret key before any message supercedeEncryption of personal user files and messagesMaintain multiple keys one for each pair of message exchange or collaborationFaster than asymmetric techniquesSharing the secret key does not prove authenticity of sender or receiver of messagesRequires less computer resources nominate management is a task requiring significant effort get wind compromise to a communication pair does not affect communication with other pairsKey exchange should also be a secure process requiring the im plementation of its own secure channelCan use the same publicly known algorithm for encryptionstrength of security depends on size of keyAdvantages and disadvantages of symmetric algorithms are illustrated in the table below (Panda and Kumar, 2011)AdvantagesDisadvantagesMakes convenient the key distribution as only the public keys are sharedPublic key generation and distribution is required for activating the encryption mechanism requiring a verification process in its ownDigital signatures are generated through public key encryption hence verifying the authenticity of the senderIt is rather easy in comparison to symmetric algorithms and is not preferred for short messagesMessages accompanied by digital signature cannot be modified during transferIt requires a helping more processing powerDigitally signing a message is equivalent to a physical signature thus the recipient of the message cannot deny the authenticity of the senderLosing a private key can cause can cause widespread security compromise as all messages can be readHYBRID approachesThe main disadvantage of asymmetric algorithms is their slowness is comparison to the symmetric algorithms. One way to address this issue in many applications, is to apply a combination of both. A typical integration approach is the followinguse asymmetric keys for authenticationthen one or more symmetric keys can be generated and exchanged using the asymmetric encryption.Typical examples of this procedure are the RSA/IDEA combination of PGP2 or the DSA/BLOWFISH used by GnuPG.For instance, Mantoro and Zakariya (2010) proposed a secure method of e-mail communication for Android-based mobile devices using a hybrid cryptosystem which combines AES 128 bit (symmetric) encryption, RSA 1024 bit (asymmetric) encryption and SHA-1 (hash) function. This approach had been tested with plain text but not with email attachments or communication between Android devices and other mobile platforms.PGP ConfigurationOne of the main applica tions of public key encryption techniques is in the PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) program for data communication. It is primarily used for signing, encrypting emails, files, text and anything else that is involved in email communication (Zimmermann, 1995).RSA key of 1024 bits are becalm considered secure (given the available options of 512, 1024, 2048 bits). On the other hand, Kaliski (2003) considers that an 1024-bit RSA key can be broken in one year and that an 2048-bit RSA public key is secure enough for a PGP configuration which includes also the AES and the SHA-1 algorithm. RSA/IDEA/MD5 or any other other similar configuration is less secure according to Lenstra and Verheul (2003).PGP works as follows (Benz, 2001)compresses the plain message in order to reduce the pattern of the typical plaintextcreates a seance key which is a random number, usually generated given abstract movements or keystrokesa symmetric encryption algorithm is applied on the random number (e.g. Triple DES, Twofish, CAST, or AES) to generate a one-time-only secret key (session key)additional input might be required by the user if the collected information is not sufficient enough (e.g. additional mouse movements, keystrokes)the session key is used along a symmetric algorithm to encrypt the message to a ciphertext.The session key is also encrypted using an asymmetric technique such as RSAThe recipient receives the ciphertext along with the public key-encrypted session key.Indeed the combination of the two encryption methods solicits the convenience of public-key encryption with the speed of symmetric encryption (Benz, 2001). Symmetric encryption is about 100 to 1,000 times faster than public-key encryption, solving the problem of slow encryption which asymmetric algorithms suffer from. Public-key encryption provides a ascendent to key distribution and data transmission issues. Hence, performance and key distribution are improved by combining both approaches without any sacrifice in se curity.On the othe hand, the PGP process described above can be a complex process for users requiring though some training. Apart of awareness it is important both parties to have installed PGP-compatible programs to be able to exchange PGP messages (Benz, 2001).PGP2 ConfigurationPGP2 implements the public key encryption using the RSA and IDEA algorithms to provide secure electronic mail communication either between individuals or known sources (e.g. EDI). This approach of authentication through cryptography ensures that the encrypted message does not provide any information that it is carrying even if it is intercepted by attackers. The recipient of the mail can decrypt the mail using the associated private or public key (Simmons, 1993).This approach verifies that the recipient is certain that the message is from the sure sender and the contents has not been changed or lost during data transmission from sender to recipient. Furthermore, a digital signature can be attached unitedl y with the mail to further confirm the identity of the sender. This approach complements password authentication and is therefore utilized in interpersonal communication between known parties.Similar combination of asymmetric and symmetric encryption techniques can be generalized to other application domains involving collaboration between large groups. Common prerequisite is to obtain the secret key information before the recipient is able to decrypt the mail.HARDWARE-BASED IMPLEMENTATION OF RSA/IDEA ENCRYPTIONA VLSI implementation of an encryption process, which combines RSA for key exchange and IDEA for block encryption, are proposed in (Buldas and Poldre, 1997). The encryption process consists of 8 rounds. Each around contains 16-bit modular additions and multiplications which simulate the integer calculations used in RSA. overly the key inversion algorithms for both ciphers are similar. When the circuit is in block encryption mode it starts the IDEA cipher process.One The IDEA cipher applies 128-bit key for block encryption.GnuPG ConfigurationThe aim of GnuPG was to create a digital signature mechanism which would be compatible with OpenPGP but at the same time it should avoid the use of patented algorithms like RSA. GnuPG provides therefore encryption and decryption services based on a range of both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms (Garloff and Jaeger, 2000).Keyring is the key management solution of GnuPG maintaining a database of private keys and a range of corresponding public keysHashing modules verify the authenticity of the public keysWeb of trust a collection of signatures which have been declared as trusted by other users form a web of trusted keysIn comparison to PGP2, GnuPG rejects emais signed with RSA and IDEA keys, potentially been produced by PGP2. And vice versa, PGP2 rejects emails signed with DSA/ELGAMAL keys from GnuPG. GnuPG is compatible with PGP5 (Garloff and Jaeger, 2000).ConclusionIn this paper we illustrated that symmetric and asymmetric techniques in cryptography have their own advantages and disadvantages. Symmetric algorithms are better in performance than asymmetric methods, and require all parties to share a key before they collaborate. The asymmetric ciphers allow public key infrastructures and key exchange systems, but they consume a lot of processing resources. A hybrid cryptosystem is an approach forward which combines multiple algorithms of different types, in order to exploit the best advantage of each type.One typical approach is to apply a symmetric module to generate a random secret key, and then apply an asymmetric module to encrypt this key using as input the receivers public key. After that, the message is also encrypted using the symmetric algorithm and the secret key. Both the encrypted secret key and the ciphertext of the message are then sent to the receiver.Since it is insufficient to use a single kind of cryptographic algorithm in applications, the hybrid approach in cryptography fi lls the gap of efficiency or performance of each of the types of cryptography (symmetric, asymmetric) along with the objectives of confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and trust between two communication parties. This need is generalized to any type of collaboration between individuals (email exchange, group collaboration, file sharing, etc).